多重技术提升高层建筑火灾防控水平

Multiple Technologies for Preventing Fire

高层建筑不再成消防盲区

High-rise Buildings: No Longer a Blind Spot for Fire-fighting

由于高层建筑具有结构复杂、功能多样、人员密集以及火灾荷载大等特点，使得一旦发生火灾后，其灭火和人员疏散存在很大困难，容易造成巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失。2010年11月15日，上海市胶州路728号高层居民住宅楼火灾，造成58人死亡、71人受伤，直接经济损失达1.58亿元。

With the development of our society and economy， high-rise buildings are increasing. Due to complex structure， versatile function， personnel-intensive， heavy fire load and other reasons， there are a great deal of difficulties in fire extinguishing and evacuation when a fire breaks out in a high-rise building. Moreover， such fires are likely to cause significant casualties and economic losses. On November 15， 2010， a fire occurred in the high-rise residential building located at 728 Jiaozhou Road， Shanghai， which resulted in 58 deaths， 71 injures， and 158 million RMB direct economic losses.

惨痛的教训促使社会各界反思高层建筑的安全现状，并迫切希望提升相关的火灾防控技术。特别是作为现阶段高层建筑消防安全短板的疏散逃生和火灾管理两方面，其研究需求尤为突出。因此，有必要从高层建筑火灾疏散逃生和高层建筑火灾风险管理两个方面着手，为显著提升上海市高层建筑火灾防控整体水平提供重要的科技支撑。

Painful lessons promote all sectors of society to think about the safety of high-rise buildings， and relevant fire prevention and control technology is urgently to enhance. From the domestic and foreign research， there is still much worthy of research work to do in fire prevention and control， especially evacuation and management，which are particularly prominent. Therefore， a series of technical research is needed and it is appropriate to start research from the topics of evacuation and fire risk management. It will provide an important technical support forthe significant improvement of Shanghai high-rise building fire prevention and overall control.

高层建筑火灾防控技术

Technology of Fire Prevention and Control in High-rise Buildings

针对既有高层住宅建筑，按建筑特性、建筑被动防火、建筑主动防火、安全疏散设施、消防安全管理、外部救援力量等6个一级指标，制定了既有高层住宅建筑火灾风险评价指标体系。采用综合指数法建立了高层建筑人员疏散预案及演习评价指标体系，克服高层建筑人员疏散预案及演习缺乏统一标准、随意性较大等问题。

In this project， a fire risk indicator index system for high-rise residential buildings has been established，including 6 primary indexes: building features， passive fire prevention， active fire prevention， evacuation facilities，fire safety management， external rescue power. In order to solve problems including lack of uniform standard and arbitrariness of high-rise building evacuation plans and exercises， an index system of evacuation plan and evaluation training of high-rise buildings was established with comprehensive index method.

首次提出了高层住宅建筑紧急避难区域设置方法，编制了《高层住宅建筑紧急避难区域设置导则》、《高层建筑逃生避难器材配置与设计规程》，填补了目前标准规范在这方面的空白。研制开发了高层建筑灾害警报、应急广播系统实用样机，编制完成了《高层建筑灾害警报、应急广播系统设置与设计规程》。

A design method of emergency evacuation area for high-rise residential building is proposed in this project.A guideline named Guidelines on Refuge Area Design for Emergency Evacuation in High-rise Residential Building and High-rise Building Escape Shelter Equipment Configuration and Design Procedures were carried out to fill the current standard norms in this area. This project developed a high-rise building disaster alarm，emergency broadcast system practical prototype， and the completion of the High-rise Building Disaster Alarm，Emergency Broadcast System Settings and Design Procedures.

在既有高层建筑消防改造中，以三维激光扫描测绘技术为基础，结合基于点云碰撞检查的管线综合以及消防性能化分析为核心的既有高层建筑消防改造设计施工一体化技术，解决了在既有高层建筑消防改造过程遇到的现场测绘、管线综合以及改造成果检验等现实问题。

Based on the three-dimensional laser scanning surveying and mapping technology， the combination of the pipeline synthesis based on the point cloud collision inspection and the fire performance analysis are the core of the existing high-rise building fire protection design and construction integration technology， both solving highrise building fire transformation process encountered on-site mapping， pipeline synthesis and transformation of the results in the test and other practical problems.

火灾情况下高层建筑电梯疏散动态预警支持系统

The Research on Elevator Evacuation Dynamic Alert and Support System During High-rise Building Fires(www.xing528.com)

综合考虑了高层建筑结构的特点，提出了高层建筑火灾情况下人员疏散（尤其是弱势群体疏散逃生）的相关理论、人员基于楼梯-电梯的混合疏散策略和电梯基于火灾发展态势的运行调度模型，首次构建了高层建筑火灾情况下人员疏散逃生的电梯疏散动态预警支持系统，研发了基于此系统的高浓度烟温复合探测器、一氧化碳探测器、智能有毒有害气体传感器专用探测元件，并确定其在各预警区域内的设置方案。

电梯疏散动态预警支持产品样机及功能模拟系统
Elevator evacuation dynamic warning support product prototype and function simulation system

Fully considering the structure features of high-rise building， this paper puts forward the relevant theory of personnel evacuation in the case of high-rise building fire (especially the evacuation of vulnerable groups).Personnel based the mixed evacuation strategy of stairs-elevator， the operation and dispatching model based on fire development trend， It has built a dynamic early warning support system for elevator evacuation in highrise building fire at the first time， also developed some components based on this system， including a high concentration of smoke-temperature composite detectors， carbon monoxide detectors， intelligent toxic and harmful gas sensor-specific detection components， and to determine its settings in the early warning area of the program.

在电梯疏散动态预警数据采集和信息传输中，研制了电梯疏散动态预警数据采集系统。建立了有线和采用ZigBee技术的无线传输结构。开发了电梯联动控制终端，确立了电梯控制终端与电梯控制柜的通信协议。

During the data acquisition and information transmission from the elevator evacuation dynamic early warning system， they have developed the data acquisition system in dynamic early warning of elevator evacuation，establishing a wired and wireless transmission structure， and wireless transmission structure used ZigBee technology， as well as developed the elevator linkage control terminal， to establish the communication agreement between elevator control terminal and control cabinet.

通过具有电梯运行状态实时监控、预警信息动态监控、现场视频集中监控、应急广播与对讲、人工紧急干预和操控等功能的电梯疏散专用中央监控操作台，依据电梯疏散支持系统的疏散运行策略和电梯用于紧急疏散时的运行逻辑，制定了电梯疏散运行调度命令，实现了电梯疏散动态预警支持系统的集成和联动控制。

Through real-time monitoring of the elevator running status， early warning information dynamic monitoring，on-site video centralized monitoring， emergency broadcast and intercom， artificial emergency intervention and control， these functions comprised the dedicated central monitoring console for elevator evacuation. Based on the evacuation operation strategy of elevator evacuation support system and the operation logic of elevator for emergency evacuation， it established the operation dispatching command of the elevator evacuation， to realize integration and linkage control in the dynamic early warning support system for elevator evacuation.

高层建筑火灾防控技术成果已在上海市浦东新区中国金融大厦（46层、181米）等多个建筑得到了消防改造设计施工一体化应用；在徐汇区徐家汇街道上影广场住宅楼（30层、90米）建筑开展了综合性工程示范，示范内容包括灾害警报系统及应急广播系统、逃生避难器材配置及紧急避难区域设置方法、火灾风险评估方法、人员疏散预案及演习评价系统等成果的应用；同时在上海市浦东新区陆家嘴大厦1号楼（41层、190米）得到了人员疏散预案及演习评价系统的应用；此外既有高层建筑评估技术也在上海市多个火灾风险评估项目中得到了推广和应用。

Fire prevention and control technology achievements of high-rise buildings have carried out the integration of fire design and construction applications in many buildings， such as China Financial Building at Pudong New Area， Shanghai (46 floors， 181 m) and other buildings; Xuhui District Xujiahui Street at the residential buildings of Shangying Square (30 floors， 90 m). This building has carried out a comprehensive engineering demonstration，including disaster alarm system and emergency broadcasting system， evacuation equipment and emergency evacuation area setting method， fire risk assessment method， personnel evacuation plan and exercise evaluation system and other results of the application. At the same time， the application of personnel evacuation plan and exercise evaluation system was carried out in Building 1， Lujiazui Building， Pudong New Area， Shanghai (41 floors and 190 m). In addition， existing high-rise building assessment technology and various fire risk assessment projects in Shanghai have been promoted and applied.

高层建筑火灾情况下的电梯疏散动态预警支持系统技术已经在西子电梯集团高层试验塔得到了性能验证，并在上海、浙江等地的高层住宅、商务建筑中得到了初步推广试用。

Fire evacuation dynamic early warning support system technology in high-rise building has been verified in the high-level test tower of west elevator group， and becomes the initial promotion trial of the high-rise residential， commercial buildings in Shanghai， Zhejiang and other places.

高层建筑火灾防控技术的应用，提升了高层建筑的安全管理和维护水平，提高了发生灾害事故时的人员紧急疏散逃生能力，具有很高的科学应用价值。研究开发的新型实用消防产品、关键性技术等可以通过技术咨询、技术转让和产业化生产等多种有偿方式获得市场回报，并且规模化的推广应用还具有广阔的前景。项目实施后产生的社会效益和经济效益都是巨大的，可为带动相关产业发展提供论证支持，切实提高城市管理水平和保障公共安全。

The applications of high-rise building fire prevention and control technology aim to enhance the safety management and maintenance of high-rise building and improves personnel evacuation capacity in a disaster，which has a high scientific value for the research and development of new practical fire products. Key technologies can obtain market returns by technology consulting， transfer， industrial production and other paid ways， and the large-scale promotion and application has a broad prospect. After the implementation of the project， the social and economic benefits are enormous， which can provide proof support for the development of relevant industries，and effectively improve the level of urban management and protection of public safety.

(公安部上海消防研究所等单位供稿，虞俭等整理)

(Contributed by Ministry of Public Security Shanghai Institute of Fire， sorted by Yu Jian)