防火新措施：老城厢建筑远离危险

New Measures for Fire Prevention

老城厢建筑远离火灾

Old City Buildings away from Fire

我国大城市建设发展由中心向四周扩展，造成了城市中心城区建筑结构差异较大，不仅有象征城市繁华的新城区，而且还有建造年代久远的老城区。这些城区内不仅存在着历史文化建筑，更多的则是以棚户、简屋为代表的陈旧建筑。据不完全统计，上海现有老城厢建筑3万余幢，住有28万多户居民，人口密度高，财产大量聚集，火灾隐患危机四伏，一旦发生火灾，不仅损失多，而且社会影响大。如何切实减少老城厢建筑火灾的发生，从根本上改善老式居民建筑防火条件，直接影响着城市经济发展和社会稳定。

In the big cities of China， construction development is from the center to the extension， so had great differences in the building structure of city center. Not only has the new district symbolizing the prosperity of the city， but also has the ancient buildings built long time ago. The city not only has historical and cultural buildings，but more of them are old buildings. According to incomplete statistics， there are more than 30 000 old city buildings， living with more than 280 000 households. The population density is high， with large property.Once the fire happens， it will do great damages and has great influence on the society. How to effectively reduce the residences of building fire occurs， fundamentally improving the old residential buildings fire condition have a direct impact on economic development and social stability of the big cities.

老城厢典型建筑消防安全评估技术

Typical Building Fire Safety Assessment Technology

大量收集了上海近十年来发生的老城厢建筑火灾案例，并从建筑结构、火灾原因、人员伤亡情况、火灾发生时间、火灾早期处置、消防扑救六个方面分析了老城厢建筑火灾特点。采用小尺度（参照ISO5660）和全尺度（ISO9705）的火灾试验方法，研究分析了老城厢建筑内典型可燃材料（软垫单人沙发、电缆、布艺窗帘和热塑性材料）的燃烧性能和火灾蔓延特性，在此基础上，推导建立了老城厢建筑耐火和抗火能力的评价模型，编制了针对老城厢建筑耐火与抗火能力分析的安全检查表。

Large of fire cases of Shanghai residences building had been collected in nearly a decade. Fire characteristics of residences were analyzed from six aspects like the building structure， the fire causes， the casualties， the fire time， the early treatment， fire fighting and rescue. By small scale (ISO5660) and full scale (ISO9705) test method，the typical combustion performance and fire spread characteristic of combustible materials， such as soft sofa，cable， cloth curtain and thermoplastic material in the residences of the building， had been analyzed. On this basis，fire-resistance and fireproof evaluation model of building was built， safety checklist of building fireproof and fire resistance analysis was compiled.

老城厢建筑防火和灭火装置的开发与应用技术

Development and Application Technology of Fire Prevention and Extinguishing Equipment for Old City Buildings

在分析各类型火灾探测器优缺点的基础上，针对老城厢建筑火灾特点，研制了线型多点感温报警器、GSM短消息无线报警系统等火灾早期预警系统；研制了可广泛应用于老城厢建筑火灾灭火中的移动式细水雾灭火装置，并通过灭火实验验证了该装置的灭火效果和实用性。同时采取理论分析结合试验研究的方法，系统地分析了各种防火涂料的耐火阻燃性能，最终选定KFR-2饰面型防火涂料作为老城厢木结构材料的防火涂刷材料。

On the basis of analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each type of fire detectors， according to the characteristics of residences building fire， fire early warning systems were developed， such as linear multi-point temperature alarm， GSM short message wireless alarm system. The portable water mist fire extinguishing device was developed， which is simple， convenient and flexible for mobile. At the same time， the fire extinguishing experiment of this device was carried out to improve the high efficiency. Using the thermal analysis and cone calorimeter， through theoretical analysis combined with experimental study， the various fire retardant properties of fire retardant materials were analyzed. Finally KFR-2 fireproofing coating material was selected as residences wood fire retardant coating material.(https://www.xing528.com)

老城厢典型建筑防火改造策略

Typical Building Fire Protection Reform Strategy for Old City Buildings

针对老城厢建筑火灾的特点和存在的主要消防安全问题，分别从电气防火改造、建筑结构防火改造、消防设施改造等三大方面提出了老城厢典型建筑防火改造策略，同时对防火改造的成本和效益进行了分析，首次提出了基于效益成本比率法的老城厢防火改造成本效益分析方法。针对老城厢消防安全管理和社区公众科普教育现状，运用计算机信息技术，提出了以社区消防安全管理教育信息系统为核心的上海老城厢消防安全管理教育新模式。

According to the characteristics of fire and existing fire safety problems， a typical strategy of the building fireprotection reform， which including electrical fire reform， building structure reform and fire devices reform was put forward. The costs and benefits of the fire protection reform were analyzed. It was the first time that based on the benefit cost ratio， the analysis method of the fire prevention reform is proposed. According to the current situation of fire safety management and related education on the community public， the information system of community education on fire control safety and management is put forward， by using the computer information technology as a new model of Shanghai residences fire safety education.

老城厢建筑消防设施改造示范工程应用
Demonstration project application of fire protection facilities in old building

这些技术已经在上海黄浦区顺天街道、闵行区九星村、七宝古镇等的建筑防火改造工程中得到了推广应用，有效提升了该类建筑的消防安全水平，对于保护生命财产安全起到了积极推动作用。

These techniques have been used widely in building fire prevention reform project， such as Shuntian community， Jiuxing village， Qibao ancient town， effectively improve the fire safety level of the building， and play an active role in protecting life and property security.

据不完全统计，上海现有老城厢建筑3万余幢，住有28万多户居民，因此，确保老城厢建筑的消防，涉及全市87万人的生命安全。该成果可直接应用于老城厢建筑防火改造，并可延伸到城中村、三合一等建筑的防火改造中，有助于提升这些建筑的防火和抗火性能，进而保障生命和财产安全，具有广阔的应用前景。

According to incomplete statistics， the existing old city buildings in Shanghai own more than 30 000 buildings， living with more than 280 000 households and ensures the fire safety of residences involving 870 000 people’s life in the city. These technologies can be directly used in the reconstruction of old residences， which can be extended to the fire prevention reform of the urban villages and other building structure， helps to promote the building fire prevention and fire resistance， thus ensuring the safety of lives and property， which has a wide application prospect.

(公安部上海消防研究所等单位供稿，虞俭等整理)

(Contributed by Ministry of Public Security Shanghai Fire Research Institute， sorted by Yu Jian)