有效解决截断面黑臭水污染问题

Control Agricultural Pollution， Curb Black Smelly Water

黑臭水体治理有良方

Ecological Restoration Technologies for Eutrophied and Black-odorous Waters

我国严重缺水，淡水资源不足严重影响到我国许多地区社会和经济的发展。同时，我国水污染形势非常严峻，国家重点监控的一些河湖富营养化问题突出，蓝藻藻华频发，水质性缺水使得原本短缺的淡水资源雪上加霜。2015年，全国各主要流域的700个国控断面中，28%的断面水质为Ⅳ类或以下；全国62个重点湖泊（水库）中，19个水质为Ⅳ类或以下；开展水体富营养状态监测的61个湖泊（水库）中，14个处于富营养化状态。此外，截至2016年底，全国295个地级及以上城市中，有220个城市排查确认黑臭水体2 026个。面源污染是造成河湖水质恶化的主要原因。与点源污染相比，面源污染具有点多、面广、分散等特点，治理难度大，处理出水难以达到排放标准。如何有效控制面源污染，实现对富营养化水体和黑臭水体的综合治理与生态修复是我国水环境污染整治中亟待解决的难题。

China is in great shortage of water， which has severely influenced socio-economic development in many regions. Meanwhile， China is faced with severe water pollution situation. Rivers and lakes that have been routinely monitored by Chinese government are eutrophied with frequent episodes of algae bloom. Water pollution has aggravated the shortage in fresh water resource. In 2015， water quality at 28% of 700 national routinely monitored river sections and 19 out of 62 national key lakes (reservoirs) fell into Class IV or below. At the same time， 14 out of 61 lakes under routine eutrophication status monitoring are already eutrophied. In addition， 220 out of 295 prefecture-level cities have identified 2 026 black and odorous water bodies. Non-point sources are the main cause of water quality deterioration. Compared with point sources， non-point sources are extensive， diffusive， and scattered. They are difficult to control effectively and the treated effluent could hardly meet the required discharge standard. How to effectively control non-point source pollution and achieve the integrated control and ecological restoration of eutrophied and black-odorous water bodies are the conundrum to be solved in China’s water pollution control.

复合塔式生态滤池技术

Composite Tower Vermifilter

复合塔式生态滤池工程现场图
Composite tower vermifilter project sites

复合塔式生态滤池适用于乡村生活污水和畜禽养殖废水处理。该技术在工作负荷为1.0～1.5时可以长期平稳运行，其占地面积比目前常用的农村生活污水处理技术减少50%以上，并实现了污水处理装置的设备化和系列化。该装置的污水处理建设成本和运行成本远低于目前所用的大多数乡村污水处理工艺，并且易于管理和维护，适宜在我国广大的乡村地区推广，应用前景广阔。

Composite tower vermifilter is applicable to treat the sewage from rural households and animal feedlots. The technology could work steadily at the hydraulic load of 1.0～1.5 h. It requires more than 50% less areas than that of conventional rural sewage treatment technologies. So far， a series of rural sewage treatment equipment based on the technology has been developed. In addition， its construction and operation costs are much less than those of conventional rural sewage treatment technologies. Easy to maintain and operate， the technology has great prospect in the rural areas.

此外，该技术突破性地解决了国内外污水处理普遍存在的氮磷去除率低的技术难题，氮磷及有机物去除率均高达95%以上，出水水质不仅可以达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准，甚至可以达到地表水Ⅳ类水标准，出水可应用于灌溉或景观用水。

Furthermore， the technology has tackled the difficulties of low removal rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous(P) faced by the sewage treatment industry at home and abroad. With a high nutrient and organic compound removal rate of more than 95%， its effluent could meet the Class 1A of the Discharge Standard of Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants (GB 18918-2002). Sometimes， it could even meet the ClassⅣ of Surface Water Quality Standard and could be directly used for irrigation or landscaping.

新型人工湿地技术

Innovative Constructed Wetlands

新型人工湿地适于处理农田面源污染和地表低污染水，可实现对有机物及氮磷等污染物的高效处理。首先，在湿地中增设防堵塞过滤系统，该系统由过滤插板（结构呈空间网状）、生物填料过滤层、抗渗层、覆盖层等组成。过滤插板由纺织材料制成，可有效拦截污水中的颗粒性悬浮物；过滤系统中增加的新型生物填料非常有利于微生物菌胶团的附着，加强了污水的预处理作用。其次，将垂直流和潜流多级湿地进行优化组合，垂直流湿地被中间隔板分为上行流区和下行流区，以充分发挥湿地中填料的作用，实现对有机物及氮磷等污染物的高效去除。最后，通过结合生态护坡，生态缓冲带及植物塘等多种生态要素，因地制宜地进行景观公园式设计构建，合理设置，在完成污染物有效去除的同时美化了环境，出水水质达到一级A标准。(www.xing528.com)

新型人工湿地工程实施效果图
Engineering projects of innovative constructed wetlands

Innovative constructed wetlands are suitable to treat agricultural runoff and mildly polluted surface runoff.They could achieve high removal rates of both organic compounds and nutrients. First， an anti-clogging system is added， which consists of a filtering plug (with a mesh structure)， a biological filtering layer， an impermeable layer，and a covering layer. The filtering plug is made of textile materials that could effectively intercept the particulate matters in the sewage. The addition of new biological fillers in the filtering system facilitates the attachment of microbial bacteria and the pre-treatment of sewage. Secondly， optimize the configuration of multi-level verticalflow and underflow wetlands. Vertical-flow wetlands are divided into up-flow and down-flow are as through partition in the middle so as to give the full play of the filling materials and achieve the highly effective removal of organic compounds and nutrients. Finally， carry out landscape park design and construction according to local conditions through the integrated use of various ecological elements such as ecological protecting slope，ecological buffer zone， and plant pond. Optimal configuration of different technologies facilitates the removal of pollutants while beautifying the environment. Its effluent could meet Class 1A of the Discharge Standard of Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants (GB 18918-2002).

水体植物空间构建技术

Spatial Configuration of Plants in Water Bodies

我国受污染水体生态系统受损严重，表现为水生植物面积严重萎缩，水体透明度低，藻华暴发，恶臭不断，水体内负荷持续增长，生物多样性急剧下降等。利用生态手段对污染水体进行植物空间构建是修复水体的有效方法。该技术利用生态位理论和竞争原理，以水生植物和微生物为主结合项目组研发的新型生物填料，通过优化组合，构建水生植物空间构造系统，具有较强抗逆性和资源与空间竞争力。植物空间构造系统由外围围隔、外围生态浮床、中心围隔、中心区域生态浮床、生态“水母”等构成，在搭配项目组研究选定的植物种群（浮叶植物、挺水植物等）和添加不同生物基质条件下，构建的水生植物空间构建系统对水体总氮和总磷等重要水质指标有显著改善作用，并且通过生态空间竞争实现对水体蓝藻藻华发生的抑制。

水体中植物空间构建示意图
Schematic diagram of the spatial configuration of plants in water bodies

Ecological systems of polluted water bodies in China have been severely damaged， with symptoms of severely shrinking areas of aquatic plants， decreasing water transparency， outbreak of algae blooms， frequent stench， continuous increasing internal load， and sharp decline in biodiversity. Spatial configuration of plants in polluted waters is an effective ecological way to restore damaged water bodies. Based on the niche theory and competition principle， the technology optimizes the integrated use of aquatic plants， microbes， and biological fillers developed by our team to build the spatial plant system with strong resistance to adversity and competitiveness for resource and space. The spatial plant system consists of the peripheral shield， external ecological floating beds， central shield， central ecological floating beds， and ecological “jellyfish”. Through the configuration of different plant species (floating plants and emerged plants) chosen by our team and the addition of various biological substrates， the spatial plant system could significantly mitigate the pollution of TN and TP in water bodies. It could also help suppress the outbreak of algae blooms through the competition for ecological space.

目前，研发团队在贵州、云南、太湖流域、河南、山东、浙江等地建立了约100个示范工程，根据不同地理位置气候和经济水平的差异，有针对性地研发了系列化的装置和技术体系，有效促进当地水环境的改善。例如在贵州，研发团队在贵阳市饮用水源地百花湖上游的东门河，合理优化集成多种生态技术，建成面源污染控制集成技术景观公园，污水日处理能力达到2万吨，氨氮、总磷等主要出水指标达到地表Ⅲ类水标准。在未通过调水引入外来清洁水源的前提下达到该出水效果，具有国际领先水平。在滇池，研发团队在滇池北岸构建1.5平方公里的示范工程，进行植物空间构建技术示范，经过三年多工程试验，取得良好效果，如沉水植物逐渐成活，并开始自然出现沉水植物。据第三方监测，蓝藻密度下降83%，水体透明度由几乎为零上升到70厘米以上。在长春，研究团队在对长春市伊通河及其流域范围内污染现状全方位踏勘的基础上，提出因地制宜利用多种互为支撑的生态技术，标本兼治，逐级削减污染，改善水质，消除黑臭水体。此外，研发团队还作为主要参与者在伊通河南南段水质改善和污染控制项目公开竞标中得到高度评价，顺利获得34亿元的环保工程项目。

Up to date， the research team has finished around 100 demonstration projects in Guizhou， Yunnan， the Lake Tai Basin， Henan， Shandong， and Zhejiang. Targeting the differences in geographical， climatic， and economic conditions， the research team has developed a series of equipment and technology systems to effectively improve the quality of local water environment. In the following are some examples. First， at the Dongmen River of Guiyang， which is the upstream to the city’s drinking water source—Baihua Lake， the research team has built a landscape park for non-point source pollution control that integrates and optimizes a variety of ecological technologies. With a daily treatment capacity of 20 000 tons， the effluent from the park could meet ClassⅢof surface water quality standard. It is far from easy to achieve such effective sewage treatment level without introducing external clean water sources. The technology leads the world across the board. Secondly， the research team has demonstrated the spatial configuration of plants in an area of 1.5 km2 near the northern shore of Dianchi.An engineering experiment of more than three years has yielded good results， including the gradual survival and natural occurrence of submerged plants， a decrease of 83% in algae density according to the third party monitoring results， and an increase of transparency from nearly zero to more than 70 cm. Thirdly， based on a thorough field survey of the Yitong Watershed at Changchun， the research team has proposed the use of multiple complementary ecological technologies based on local conditions to reduce pollution progressively， improve water quality， and eradicate black and odorous water bodies. As a major participant， the research team has been highly praised in its open bid for the water quality improvement and pollution control project at the Southern Yitong River with a value of 3.4 billion RMB.

与点源污染相比，面源污染具有点多、面广、分散等特点，治理难度大，处理出水难以达到排放标准。国内外代表性的面源污染控制技术包括土壤净化槽、土地过滤系统、人工湿地等。然而，将这些技术直接用于面源污染控制具有一定的局限性，具体表现在一是占地较大；二是处理后出水氮磷浓度仍然较高，大量尾水排入水体仍会造成污染。研发占地少、成本低、高效脱氮除磷的面源污染控制技术体系是我国面源污染控制的关键，对我国实现水生态环境的根本改善具有重要意义。项目组研发的富营养化与黑臭水体治理与生态修复技术体系，响应了上述需求，并已在我国不同自然和经济条件的区域进行了卓有成效的应用，取得了良好的示范效果，具有在更多区域进行大规模推广运用的广阔前景。

Compared with point sources， non-point sources are extensive， diffusive， and scattered. They are difficult to control effectively and the treated effluent could hardly meet the required discharge standard. Representative nonpoint source pollution control technologies at home and abroad include soil purification tank， soil filtering system，and constructed wetlands. However， these technologies are limited in controlling non-point pollution sources.On the one hand， they generally occupy a large area. Meanwhile， the treated effluent is often high in the content of N and P. Hence， the large amount of effluent discharge could still pollute the water environment. Developingthe non-point pollution control technology systems that have the advantages of small area requirement， low costs， and high efficiency in removing N and P is essential to non-point source pollution control and fundamental improvement of the water environment in China. Our technology systems for repairing and restoring eutrophied and black-odorous water bodies respond well to this urgent demand， and have been effectively implemented in many regions of different natural and socio-economic conditions with good demonstration effects. They have great prospects to be applied widely in more regions.

（复旦大学等单位供稿，朱昊辰等整理）

(Contributed by Fudan University， sorted by Zhu Haochen)