创新多方出击，解决生活垃圾难题

Dealing with Household Refuse in Many Ways

固体废物清洁能源化利用

Utilization of Solid Wastes as Clean Energy

城市固体废物，主要是城市生活垃圾，是城市发展面对的一个突出问题，也是影响城市环境、关系人民生活的焦点问题。为了保障人民健康及城市的可持续发展，必须对生活垃圾进行无害化、减量化、资源化处理。传统生活垃圾处理技术主要为卫生填埋、高温堆肥和焚烧处理。填埋的处理能力大，成本较低，但是占用土地，选址困难，直接产生的填埋气主要成分为甲烷，容易发生爆炸等危险。目前大多填埋厂将填埋气排空，不仅提高了温室气体的排放，而且浪费了能源。垃圾堆肥可以实现资源化利用，但是堆肥效率较低，周期较长。垃圾焚烧处理的减量化效果最好，但存在燃烧产生二　英等污染物的环境风险。因此，城市固体废弃物的清洁能源化利用是城市固体废弃物无害化、减量化和资源化的必由之路。

Municipal solid waste (MSW) mainly comprises household refuse. It is a prominent problem in the way of the development of modern cities for it impacts not only the urban environment but also human life. In order to protect people’s health and promote sustainable development of cities， it is necessary to follow the “3R” rule(Reduce， Recycle， and Recover) in the treatment of household refuse. The traditional ways of treatment generally include sanitary landfill， high temperature composting and incineration. Landfill is high in treatment capacity and low in cost， but it occupies land and makes the site selection very difficult because the main component of landfill gas is explosive methane. At present， most landfill gases get released， not only increasing greenhouse gas emissions， but also wasting energy. Garbage composting can utilize resources， but it is not efficient and also time consuming. Incineration is the most efficient in reducing the quantity， but it risks generating dioxin and other pollutants. In conclusion， utilization of municipal solid waste as clean energy is the only way that applies the 3R rule.

生活垃圾清洁焚烧发电技术

Power Generation Technology of Cleaning and Burning Daily Wastes

研发出“炉内喷尿素水＋干法＋活性炭喷射＋袋式除尘器＋湿法脱酸＋烟气再热”焚烧炉烟气清洁处理工艺技术和“D系飞灰螯合剂”产品。3 000吨/日上海老港再生能源利用中心已经开始运行。目前，上海老港再生能源利用中心是国内单炉规模最大（750吨级）、首个采用“干湿”组合节能脱酸的垃圾焚烧项目，节约占地3 500平方米、节约投资1亿元、增加年发电量300万千瓦时。

3 000吨/天的生活垃圾清洁焚烧发电厂
Household waste clean incineration power plant（3 000 tons / day）

The “furnace spray urea water + dry method + activated carbon spray + bag filter + wet deacidification +flue gas reheat” incinerator flue gas cleaning process technology and the product of “D fly ash chelating agent”were developed. Shanghai Laogang Renewable Energy Utilization Center with a capacity of 3 000 tons/day has started running. It is now the first waste incineration project to use “dry and wet” combination of energy-saving deacidification method with the largest single furnace (750 tons) in China. It saves an area of 3 500 m2 and the investment of 100 million RMB while increasing the annual generating capacity by 3 million kW·h.

填埋气发电技术

Landfill Gas Power Generation Technology

开发了填埋气体垂直竖井/水平横井收集、络合铁法循环脱硫净化、高效发电等技术，研制了基于填埋气体预处理技术的自动化装置，建立了一套“吸收氧化-再生-吸收氧化”的络合铁法循环脱硫技术体系，填埋气体收集率从30%提高到60%，处理气体流量50～3 000 标立方米/小时，最大H2S≤1 ppm。上海老港垃圾填埋气发电项目正式并网（15兆瓦），是亚洲最大的垃圾填埋气发电项目。老港垃圾填埋气发电项目满负荷生产后，每年可向上海电网输送绿色电力约1.1亿千瓦时，并减少约66万吨二氧化碳排放。

The landfill gas vertical/horizontal shaft collection technology， circulated desulfurization of chelated iron technology， and highly efficient power generation technology as well as the landfill gas pretreatment and automation technology and equipment were developed; the technological system of “absorption oxidationregeneration-absorption oxidation” circulated desulfurization of chelated iron was established. As a result，the landfill gas collection rate is raised from 30% to 60%， the gas flow treated has reached 50 to 3 000 Nm3/h， and the maximum H2S ≤1 ppm. Shanghai Laogang Landfill Gas Power Generation project， the largest of Asia， is officially connected to the State Grid (15 MW). When it runs in full load， it can transmit about 110 million kW·h of green power to the Shanghai Grid each year， reducing carbon dioxide emission by about 660 000 tons.

垃圾渗沥液强化厌氧产沼气技术

Bio-augmented Anaerobic Treatment of Landfill Leachate and Bio-gas Production Technology

该技术搭建了10立方米/天高浓度渗沥液厌氧反应器中试装置、100立方米/天深度处理示范线等，研究了EGSB、UBF厌氧工艺技术和厌氧强化产沼等技术，有机负荷较传统工艺提高近50%，沼气产生效率0.4 LSTP/g COD。3 200吨/天的上海老港渗沥液处理厂已投入试运行，每年产生沼气1 678万立方米。针对老港渗沥液水质及水量变化的特点，通过对现有矿化床技术、化学氧化技术、膜处理技术和总氮深度处理技术等渗沥液处理技术的集成优化，对老港现有渗沥液处理工艺进行集成研究，确定一套有效、灵活、经济、较强抗冲击能力的渗沥液处理工艺并建立规模为20吨/天渗沥液处理示范工程，确保最终出水满足《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB16889-2008）的排放标准。

Using the technology， a high concentration leachate anaerobic pilot reactor with a treatment capacity of 10 m3/d， and a treatment demonstration line of 100 m3/ d are built; the EGSB and UBF anaerobic technologies and the anaerobic enhanced bio-gas production technology are developed， increasing the organic load by nearly 50% in comparison with the traditional process， and the bio-gas production efficiency is 0.4 LSTP/g COD. Now Shanghai Laogang leachate treatment plant of 3 200 tons/day has been put into trial operation， producing 16.78 million m3 bio-gas annually. In order to ensure the final effluent meets the MSW Landfill Pollution Control Standards (GB16889-2008)， a set of leachate treatment process that is effective， flexible， economical and impact-resistant is defined and a leachate treatment demonstration project of 20 t/d established， by taking into account the characteristics of the quality and quantity changes of Laogang’s leachate， by integrating the existing mineralization bed technology， chemical oxidation technology， membrane treatment technology and total nitrogen treatment technology and by comprehensively studying Laogang’s existing leachate treatment process.英完全裂解并转化为H2、CO等气体；通过超高温熔融，使灰渣以玻璃态排出，降低了灰渣的二次污染，这将是未来垃圾处理技术发展的(www.xing528.com)

城市生活垃圾超高温等离子体气化技术

MSW Ultra-high Temperature Plasma Gasification Technology

研发了超高温等离子体气化技术，能够形成局部超高温，将垃圾二主要方向之一。

老港5.6兆瓦一期沼气发电工程
PhaseⅠLaogang bio-gas power generation project (5.6 MW)

Ultra-high temperature plasma gasification technology can produce regional ultra-high temperature， thus making the dioxin completely cracked and converted to H2， CO and other gases. It also converts the ash into a glass phase through ultra-high temperature melting， reducing secondary pollution of the ash， which is why it is one of the main directions where the future waste disposal technology is heading.

餐厨垃圾资源化技术

Kitchen Wastes Recovering Technology

将餐厨废弃油脂制成生物柴油。开发了复杂来源餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油生产技术及调和技术，能够改善其氧化安定性和低温流动性，并建成了年生产生物柴油3万吨的装置。

Kitchen waste oil is turned into biodiesel. The technology of making and blending biodiesel using a complex source of kitchen waste oil has been developed， which can improve the biodiesel’s oxidation stability and low temperature fluidity. The equipment producing 30 000 tons of biodiesel annually is built.

上海城市固体废弃物的清洁能源化利用经过10多年的不断创新研究与实践取得了突破性进展。已经建成浦东御桥、嘉定江桥、上海老港再生能源利用中心等9座生活垃圾焚烧发电厂和老港垃圾填埋气发电项目，总装机容量235兆瓦。特别是老港30平方公里的固废处置基地，在中国独一无二。目前已经通过了产学研合作推广垃圾清洁燃烧技术、填埋气发电技术、垃圾渗沥液强化厌氧产沼气技术等一系列产业化的应用技术，以及完成了城市生活垃圾超高温等离子体气化、餐厨垃圾资源化等创新技术的研发。上海作为特大城市在城市固体废弃物清洁能源化资源化利用方面走在中国前列。

After more than ten years of innovative research and practice， utilization of municipal solid waste as clean energy in Shanghai has made a breakthrough. Completed projects include nine waste-to-energy incineration plants located respectively in Pudong， Jiading， and Laogang， as well as a landfill gas power plant with a total installed capacity of 235 MW. The municipal solid waste disposal base at Laogang covering an area of 30 km2 is especially unique in China. So far， through industry-university-research cooperation， a series of industrialized application technologies including the clean combustion technology， landfill gas power generation technology， and bio-augmented anaerobic treatment of landfill leachate and bio-gas production technology have been promoted in Shanghai. Shanghai has also accomplished the research and development of many other innovative technologies such as ultra-high temperature plasma gasification and kitchen waste recovering， etc. Undoubtedly， Shanghai as a metropolis leads China in the utilization of municipal solid waste as clean energy.

上海多家企业和研究单位共同合作开展科技攻关，以老港固废处置基地、郊区焚烧厂为主要载体，推进实施了上海生活垃圾生物质能科技创新工作。目前已经建成3 000吨/天的垃圾焚烧发电装置，日处理渗沥液3 200吨、年产沼气1 678万立方米的渗滤液处理装置，以及年发电量1.1亿千瓦时的亚洲最大的垃圾填埋气发电项目等多个垃圾能源化转化示范与应用系统。

Using Laogang Solid Waste Treatment Base and incineration plants in the suburb as the main carriers，many Shanghai companies and institutions jointly carry out scientific and technological research to promote and implement the innovation of municipal solid waste biomass technology in Shanghai. So far， many W2E conversion demonstration and application systems have been built， such as the waste incineration power equipment of 3 000 tons/day， the leachate treatment equipment treating 3 200 tons of leachate per day and producing 16.78 million m3 of bio-gas per year and the largest landfill power generation project in Asia which generates 110 million kW·h of electricity annually.

目前城市固体废弃物清洁能源化利用中的生活垃圾焚烧发电、填埋气发电等技术对外依存度较高，核心技术和设备大多为国外进口，国产研制装备在利用率、稳定性等方面缺乏竞争优势。同时上海以及国内大中型城市在生活垃圾处理及资源化利用方面的需求很大，有很好的市场发展潜力。因此，通过这些城市垃圾清洁处理和高效利用系统的建设，形成产学研技术攻关团队和投资建造运营产业团队，不但为解决上海城市垃圾的处置问题提供了有效途径，而且可以带动相关产业的发展。

At present， many W2E technologies such as the incineration power generation technology and landfill gas power generation technology depend highly on external resources in that the core technologies and equipment are mostly imported and domestic equipment is not competitive in utilization rate， stability and other aspects. At the same time， Shanghai and other large and medium-sized cities in China have great demand in MSW treatment and recovering utilization， possessing large market potential. Therefore， during the construction of these W2E systems and highly efficient utilization systems， production-education-research-application teams and investmentconstruction-operation teams are formed， which not only provide answers for the problem of MSW in Shanghai but also stimulate the development of related industries.

（上海市环境工程设计科学研究院有限公司等单位供稿，杜坤杰和李琦芬等整理）

(Contributed by Shanghai Institute for Design ＆ Research on Environmental Engineering Co.，Ltd.， sorted by Du Kunjie and Li Qifen， etc.)