发掘中国深远海域的风能潜力

Seeking the Energy Resources in the Deep and Far Seas

抢占海上风能发电制高点

Seizing the Commanding Height of Offshore Wind Power

风电是除水电以外开发技术最成熟、开发成本最低廉的可再生能源，是最具大规模开发价值的可再生能源，也是国家可再生能源替代战略的必然选择。中国幅员辽阔，海岸线长，风能资源丰富，可开发的风能潜力巨大。伴随着2008年我国第一个并网型海上风电的上海东海大桥100兆瓦海上风电示范项目正式开工并于2010年全部并网发电，海上风电场建设关键技术应用研究十分必要。

Wind power is a renewable energy source with the most mature development technology and the lowest cost， deserving large-scale development. So developing wind power is a natural choice of the national strategy for renewable energy alternatives. China is vast in territory， long in coastline， rich in wind energy resources and has great potential for developing wind power. Shanghai Donghai Bridge 100 MW offshore wind power demonstration project， China’s first grid-connected offshore wind power， officially started construction in 2008 and realized the grid-connected power generation in 2010. In this project， the key technology application and research of offshore power station buildings are of great necessity.

海上风电开发加快了海洋利用的步伐，但也牵涉到海上众多利益相关方，由于不同部门诉求不一，用海矛盾突出，加之海域资源有限，因此必须提高风电单位海域产出率，以便在行业竞争中获得优势。为此，开展大容量海上风机系统集成的关键技术及海上风机基础施工和安装的关键技术研究与应用，提高海上风电机组单机容量成为海上风电发展的必然选择。同时，深远海域的海上风能研究和开发已成为当今海上风电发展的新趋势和热点，众多国外海上风电技术领先的国家，如英国、丹麦等国纷纷将海上风电的研究方向投向深远海域。深远海域海上风电技术已成为风电产业技术的制高点，应适时开展深远海域海上风能的研究和开发，以加快推动上海能源创新转型和海上风电产业的领先发展。

Offshore wind power development has accelerated the pace of marine use. While， the offshore wind power involves a large number of offshore stakeholders and different sectors have various demands， so there is great contradiction in marine use. Moreover， because of the limited resources in the sea， the wind power output per unit sea area must be improved in order to be more competent in the industry. To this end， the development of the integration of the offshore wind turbines， the research and development of the turbine installation and construction，and improvement of the turbine unit capacity are necessary for developing offshore wind power. The research and development of off-shore wind energy at deep sea has become the new tendency and hot issues in today’s offshore wind power development. Many countries with leading technology in off-shore wind power like Britain and Denmark successively turn their research direction of off-shore wind power towards deep sea. The off-shore wind power technology at deep sea has become the commanding height of wind power industrial technology.Carrying out timely development and research of the offshore wind power at deep sea helps to accelerate the leading development of energy innovation， transformation and off-shore wind power industry in Shanghai.

东海大桥10万千瓦海上风电场建设关键技术

Key Technology in the Construction of the 100 000 kW Offshore Wind Plant in Donghai Bridge

开发了风机制造技术，攻克了在海洋强台风、强腐蚀、高湿度的严酷环境下机组安全控制与长期稳定运行的技术难题，率先研制出3兆瓦海上风电机组。实现海上风机成本下降61.54%。首次开发出复杂海况下（含台风）风电机组安全运行控制成套技术。研发了独特的机舱换热系统与盐雾过滤装置，隔绝机舱内外空气。解决了防止盐雾腐蚀与通风散热的矛盾，保障了机组寿命。机组设计获得GL的A级设计认证。

The turbine manufacturing technology is developed and technical problems are overcome in security control and long-term stable operation of the turbines under harsh environment such as violent typhoon， strong corrosion，and high humidity. After that， 3 MW offshore wind turbines are firstly developed. The cost of offshore wind turbines is reduced by 61.54%. Packaged technology of security control in turbine operation under complex seaconditions (including typhoon) is developed for the first time， and a unique cabin heat transfer system and salt spray filter device are invented to isolate the air inside and outside the cabin， to solve the contradiction between salt spray corrosion， ventilation and heat transfer， and to protect the lifespan of the turbines. The design of this turbine is granted with GL’s A-level design certification.

东海大桥一期风电场部分风机实景图
Donghai Bridge Phase I wind power plant（part）

东海一期、二期风电场风机全部实景图
Donghai Phase I and II wind power plant（total）

海上风机地基基础技术首创多桩混凝土-钢组合式海上风机承台结构，通过采用多根斜桩，有效提高基础的整体刚度。合理设置混凝土承台的高程，显著提高基础防撞性能。构建混凝土平台疲劳有限元模型，并在混凝土承台中设置钢连接结构，改善风电机组平台在大风浪、急洋流等动态运行环境下混凝土的疲劳承载性能。该结构已被国际海上风电权威技术标准挪威船级社DNV-OS-J101列为海上风电机组基础型式之一。

By the foundation technology of offshore wind turbine， the world’s first bearing platform structure of multipile concrete-steel composite is developed and effectively improves the overall stiffness of the foundation through the use of multiple inclined piles. The height of the concrete bearing platform is reasonably set to significantly improve the anti-impact performance of foundation. The finite element model of the concrete platform fatigue is established. By setting the steel connection structure in the concrete bearing platform， the fatigue performance of concrete in the wind turbine platform is improved under dynamic operating environment of heavy storms and fast-moving ocean currents. The structure has been listed as one of the basic types of offshore wind turbines by the international standard of offshore wind turbine structure —Det Norske Veritas DNV-OS-J101.

大型海上风机整体安装技术采用液压油缸与皮囊式蓄能器相结合的结构方式构建软着陆系统，避免海上环境可能引起的反复撞击。通过全球定位系统（GPS）粗定位引导绞缆移位，可在大雾等天气情况下，快速实现双臂起重船两吊点的中心与风机承台中心定位误差不超过5厘米的目标。采用粗导向装置、同步升降系统和精定位自动对中系统构建精定位系统。

In the installation of the offshore wind turbines， the structure model of hydraulic cylinders combined with bladder accumulators is used to construct a soft landing system to avoid repeated impacts that may be caused in the sea environment. The GPS coarse positioning system is used to guide the movement of the stranded cable， which can rapidly achieve the position error of not more than 5cm between the midpoint of two suspension points of the two-arm crane ship and the bearing platform center of the wind turbine. A rough guide device， a synchronous lift system and automatic centering system are composed to establish a fine positioning system.

采用大型海上风电场电气系统全寿命周期优化开发出国内首套大型海上风电场集电系统优化软件，解决了海上特殊约束条件的模型处理，网络结构（含设备参数）与潮流、短路电流分布相互耦合的问题，完成电气设备选型、海上变电站选址定容和网络拓扑优化。节约东海大桥海上风电示范项目电气投资16.2%。

The lifespan of the electric system in large-scale offshore wind farm is optimized and the software used to optimize the system is also developed. It solves the problem of the model processing of special constraint conditions on the sea， the coupling of the network structure (including equipment parameters) and the distribution of flow and short circuit current， and completes the selection of electrical equipment， the location and sizing of the offshore substation and the optimization of the network topology. It saves 16.2% of electrical investment of the offshore wind power demonstration project in Donghai Bridge.

东海大桥10万千瓦海上风电场建设关键技术示范工程于2010年8月31日上海世博会期间并网运行，向参会的189个国家和57个国际组织，展示了我国科技发展水平与节能减排发展战略。同时，示范项目的建成还标志着我国海上风电技术实现自主产业化，打破国际价格垄断，节约投资6.19亿，实现海上风机成本下降61.54%。并入选中央电视台一套（CCTV-1）《超级工程》五大项目之一，受到广泛好评。示范工程的建设与运行推动了我国海上风电领域技术进步与推广应用，树立我国进军国际风电市场的信心，为推动我国海上风电战略发展、实施节能减排做出积极贡献。

This 100 MW demonstration project was put into operation on August 31， 2010 Shanghai World Expo to show the level of China’s science and technology development and strategy of energy saving and emission reduction to the participants of 189 countries and 57 international organizations. At the same time， the completion of the demonstration project also marks the independent industrialization of offshore wind power in China， breaks the international price monopoly， and saves investment of 619 million RMB and achieves the cost reduction of 61.54% in offshore wind turbines. It is selected as one of five projects of Super Projects in CCTV-1 and widely acclaimed. The construction and operation of demonstration projects have promoted the technological progress，popularization and application of offshore wind power in China， built the confidence of China to enter the international wind power market， and made a positive contribution to the development of China’s offshore windpower strategy， to energy saving and emission reduction.

依据大容量海上风机系统集成及海上风机基础施工和安装的关键技术研究成果建成的国内首个大型海上风电场——东海大桥100兆瓦海上风电示范项目，为我国海上风电的开发做出了积极探索、积累了宝贵经验，形成了系统的技术与规范，并为大规模开发国内海上风电技术、海上风电设备的研制以及其他海上风电场建设与运行提供了借鉴与指导。填补了我国大容量风机开发方面的空白，为海上风力发电工程提供了技术支撑，并积累了宝贵的经验。对我国海上风电产业发展产生了重大的促进作用。项目获专利授权44项（发明14项），发表论文102篇（SCI、EI收录65篇），制定标准14项，促成东海大桥二期海上风电场顺利开发，并推广应用到沪、苏、闽、粤等地的20多个海上风电项目中。

According to the research results in key technologies of large-capacity offshore wind turbine system integration and the construction and installation of offshore wind turbine foundation， the first national largescale offshore wind power project was built—100 MW offshore wind power demonstration project of Donghai Bridge， which made active exploration and accumulated valuable experience for the development of offshore wind power in China， thus forming the systematic technology and specification， and providing reference and guidance for the large-scale development of domestic offshore wind technology， of the equipment and the development and operation of other offshore wind power plants. The project was granted with 44 patents (including 14 inventions)， 102 papers published (including 65 collected by SCI， EI) and 14 standards formulated. The project led to the successful development of the second stage of offshore wind power station in Donghai Bridge， promoted the application of more than 20 offshore wind power projects in Shanghai， Jiangsu， Fujian and Guangdong， etc.

大容量海上风机系统集成及海上风机基础施工和安装的关键技术

Key Technologies of System Integration in Large-capacity Offshore Wind Turbines and Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation Construction and Installation

通过海上风力发电机组整机防腐系统融合的研究，对叶片、齿轮箱、轴承、液压、伺服机构、电子电器元件等部件做了针对性防护研究，并对多种防腐蚀技术和系统进行融合。开展了海上风力发电机组接入系统的研究，包括海上风电电网接入方式、近海风场电气传输技术以及近海风场接入稳定运行等技术。

According to the studies on the integration of corrosion protection system for marine wind turbines， the targeted protection research is made in blades， gear boxes， bearings， hydraulic and servomechanism， electrical and electronic components and other components; besides， the integration is made to a variety of anti-corrosion technologies and systems. Studies carried out on the access system of offshore wind power turbines includes researches on offshore grid access， offshore wind power transmission technology， stable operation of access and other technologies.

海上大容量样机风场选址、布置及风资源分析关键技术的研究主要包括海上风机样机场址的选择。海上风机场址选址一般考虑两种情况，单独运行、维护和测试或者和一个已建海上风电场场址相结合。该课题重点解决近海风电场选址与其他工程用海的关系，分析出哪些属于相斥性用海，哪些属于相容性用海，并协调近海风电场在海洋功能区划中的定位，明确近海风电场海域使用范围，为近海风电场规划选址提供依据。

Studies on key technologies of site selection， layout and wind resource analysis of wind farms for offshore large-capacity turbines; in this topic， the selection of offshore wind turbine prototype site is mainly studied. The selection takes into account two situations， separate operation， maintenance and testing， or combining with a built offshore wind farm site. In this topic， the solution of the relationship between the site selection of offshore wind farms and other ocean uses is focused on to analyze what belongs to the repulsion sea， and what the compatibility sea， to coordinate the positioning of offshore wind farms in marine functional zone， and to clarify the use scope of sea area of offshore wind farms， to provide the basis for planning and site selection of offshore wind farms.(https://www.xing528.com)

海上风电机组地基基础设计关键技术研究包含两点，一是研究海上风机支撑结构及地基基础工程特性，提出科学合理的设计原则。受海洋环境及风机运行复杂特性的影响，风机支撑结构及基础表现出与常规建筑结构不同的独特工程特性。常规建筑结构设计一般可以通过承载能力极限和正常使用极限两种状态进行控制，而海上风机的支撑结构及地基基础同时具有高耸结构、动力设备结构和海洋工程结构等工程特性，采用常规的基于极限强度和变形控制的理论进行设计难于保证结构的长期安全运行，需要在综合分析风电机组运行和受力特性的基础上，深入研究海上风电机组支撑结构及地基基础工程特性，提出科学合理的设计原则。在此基础上，提出海上风机基础设计的荷载计算及组合标准、设计控制标准、结构强度分析计算方法等。二是海上风机基础结构型式研究。针对我国海洋水文、海洋工程地质条件和海上施工安装设备及经验，并结合海上风机单机容量不断增大和风电场向深海海域发展的趋势，研究不同的海上风机基础结构的适应性，有针对性地提出适合于不同建设条件的基础型式。

Various studies are made on key technology of foundation design for offshore wind turbines. First， the offshore fan support structures and foundation engineering characteristics are studied to put forward scientific and rational design principles. Influenced by the complex characteristics of the marine environment and wind turbine operation， the wind turbine support structure and foundation show unique engineering characteristics different from those of conventional building structures. Conventional building design can generally be controlled by both load capacity limits and normal use limits. The supporting structure and foundation basis of offshore wind turbines have the characteristics of high-rise structure， power equipment structure and marine engineering structure. It is difficult to ensure the long-term safe operation of the structure by using conventional theory based on ultimate strength and deformation control. Scientific and rational design principles need to be put forward based on the comprehensive analysis of wind turbine operation and mechanical properties and the in-depth study of support structure and foundation engineering characteristics of offshore wind turbines. Based on this， the load calculation and combination standard， the design and control standard， structural strength analysis and calculation method of offshore wind turbine foundation design is put forward. Second is the study of foundation structure of offshore wind turbines. In view of China’s marine hydrology， geological conditions for marine engineering， offshore equipment construction and installation， and related experience， combined with the increasing capacity of offshore wind turbines and the development trend of wind farms to deep sea areas， the adaptability of different offshore wind turbine foundation structure is researched to put forward foundation types suitable for various construction conditions.

开展了海上风电机组风机安装关键技术研究。由于海上风机基础承受巨大的倾覆力矩并需要满足风机安装的特殊要求，且其基础结构型式比较复杂，通常涉及超长、超大直径桩基础施工，并对国内海上施工单位的沉桩设备、吊装设备和船只提出了较高的要求，为此需要通过研究，提出一套适合大容量海上风机基础施工的解决方案。海上风机吊装时，需要在风、波、潮等海况条件下将风机吊装到距海面90米以上的高度。目前，国外海上风机吊装通常采用分体吊装和整体吊装两种方法。分体吊装是在海上按先后次序依次吊装塔架、机舱。整体吊装是先在陆地将塔架和机舱安装好，然后将整个结构运输到海上风机基础位置，一次性整体吊装到基础上。分体吊装方法的海上作业时间比较长，受海洋恶劣环境影响大。整体吊装方法可将大部分安装工作在陆上完成，受海洋条件影响小，吊装效率高。由于整体吊装的上述优点，该方法将成为海上风机吊装的首选方法。整体吊装方法对运输船舶、起吊设备、对位设备和缓冲设备提出了很高的要求，目前对这些内容的研究和设备的研制在国内还刚刚起步。该研究项目拟结合样机风场风机吊装的实践，对上述问题进行研究，提出一套适合我国实际情况的海上风机吊装安装方案。

东海一期平衡梁安装
Donghai Phase I installation of the balance beam

Studies are carried out on key technology of wind turbine installation for offshore wind turbines. Since the offshore wind turbine foundation bears huge overturning moment and the special requirement of wind turbine installation needs to be met， the foundation structures are complex， usually involving the construction of over length and oversized pile foundation， which makes a higher demand of the pile sinking equipment， hoisting equipment and ships in the domestic offshore construction units. Thus， a solution suitable for the construction of large-capacity offshore wind turbine foundation needs to be put forward through researches. When the offshore fan is hoisted， the wind turbine needs to be hoisted to a height of 90 m above the sea level under the wind， wave， tide and other sea conditions. At present， split hoisting and overall lifting are usually used for foreign offshore fan hoisting. Split hoisting means to hoist the tower and cabin on the sea in sequence. Overall hoisting means to firstly install the tower and cabin，and then to transport the entire structure to the basic position of the offshore wind turbine and hoist integrally it to the foundation in one time. In the split hoisting method， the offshore operation time is relatively long and theoperation is largely affected by the harsh marine environment. In the overall hoisting method， the majority of the installation work is completed on land with little impact from marine conditions and high hoisting efficiency; thus，this method will become the preferred method of offshore wind turbine hoisting. By taking the method of overall hoisting， high requirements for the transportation of ships， lifting equipment， counter equipment and cushioning equipment are put forward. At present， the research of such requirements and the development of equipment have just started in China. This research project intends to study the practice of prototype turbine hoisting in wind farm and the above arisen problems， so as to propose a set of offshore turbine hoisting installation scheme suitable for the actual situation in China.

风力发电机组采用了密封防腐与微正压防腐相结合的防腐方案，轮毂、机舱为全密封结构，塔架装有通风系统，进风口安装过滤器，控制机组内部湿度在60%以下。塔架、轮毂外表面涂4层环氧树脂，包括TSM富锌底漆和聚氨酯面漆。塔架、机舱和轮毂内表面涂2层保护涂料，包括富锌底漆和环氧厚浆型漆。重要电气零部件选用船用级别电气元件。

风机吊装
Installation of the wind power generator

The wind power generator system uses a combined anti-corrosion way of sealed anti-corrosion and micropressure anti-corrosion. The hub and the cabin are whole sealed structures; the tower is equipped with a ventilation system and air inlet installed with a filter， thus keeping the internal humidity below 60%. The outside surface of tower and hub are coated with 4 layers of epoxy resin， including TSM zincrich primer and polyurethane finish. The inner surface of tower， cabin and hub is protected with 2-layer coatings including zinc-rich primer and thick epoxy paste.Marine electrical components are used as important electrical components.

在海上风电接入系统方面研究了海上风电场电气传输技术，包括电能的传输和并网方式。比较了风电场内部不同的集电线路布局方案。并对近海风电场接入电网的电气系统特性影响及并网导则进行分析研究，提出东海大容量样机的接入系统方案。

With respect to offshore wind power access system， offshore wind farm electrical transmission technology is studied， including modes of power transmission and gridconnection. Different layouts of electrical circuit within the wind farm are compared. Also， the influence of the electrical system characteristics of accessed power grid and the guidelines of the grid connection are analyzed and studied to put forward the access scheme of the large capacity turbine in the East China Sea.

大容量海上风电机组的海上风电基础施工技术研究实现了海上超长、超大钢管桩的定位、沉桩，掌握了大直径钢套箱的结构设计及定位、安装工艺，解决了过渡段塔筒的精确安装及精准调平。通过对上海东海大容量样机海上基础施工重点工艺的研究及实践，使得风机基础施工中的关键技术难题得到了较好的解决，并已应用于东海风电大容量样机的实际工程中，确保了基础施工顺利完成，为风机安装提供了有力保障。此外，大容量海上风电机组海上整体安装技术研究，完成了风机海上整体安装的运输、导向、缓冲、对中、精确定位，使风机海上整体安装得以安全、可靠、平稳、快捷地实施。

The research of large-capacity offshore wind turbine foundation construction technology achieves the positioning and piling of offshore over length and oversized steel pipe piles， masters the structure design，positioning and installation of large diameter steel box， and solves the accurate installation and precision leveling of transitional section of tower tubes. Through the research and practice of the key technology in foundation construction of large-capacity prototype turbine， the main technical problems in the construction have been solved properly， and applied to the actual engineering of the project in East China Sea; so it ensures the successful competition of foundation construction and provides a strong guarantee for wind turbine installation. In addition，through the integral installation technology research of high-capacity offshore wind turbines， the transport，guidance， buffer， alignment and precise positioning of the installation are completed so that the pre-assembly and overall lifting of wind turbines can be in safe， reliable， smooth and fast implementation.

深远海域海上风电场技术

Offshore Wind Power at Deep and Far Seas

依据上海后续发展可再生能源、海洋功能区域，从近海推向远海，从领海伸向公海，开展海洋风电场选址研究。结合上海海上风场的特点，提出了适用于大于40米水深条件下的几种通用性的漂浮式基础的概念设计。

Site selection is researched， according to the later development of renewable resources and marine functional zonation in Shanghai， the selection research of the site is from the offshore area to the deep sea， form the territory waters to the international waters. Take into considerations the characteristics of Shanghai offshore wind farms and then the conceptual design of several universal floating type foundations applicable for the water with depth of more than 40 m is proposed.

在深远海风电场接入系统关键技术研究中，通过对交、直流传输系统研究，给出了示范项目（250兆瓦）海上电网的可靠建设方案，解决了我国首个深远海项目的并网经济、技术问题。

In the key technology research of the access system of the offshore wind power at deep and far sea， and based on the researches of AC and DC transmission system， they propose the reliable construction of offshore power grid in demonstration project (250 MW) and solve the economic and technical problems of networking in the firstdeep and far sea project of our country.

通过深远海风电漂浮式风机可行性研究，提出了一套漂浮式风机的空气动力、水动力及结构动力的耦合计算方法。拓展了仿真计算软件在漂浮式基础（张力腿型式）漂浮式风机的应用和计算流程。优化出一套适合深远海域张力腿式风机的控制策略。

Feasibility researches on floating type wind turbine of wind power at deep and far sea， a coupling calculation method of aerodynamic force， hydrodynamic force and structural dynamic force of floating type wind turbine is proposed. Besides， what is expanded is the application and calculation flow of floating type wind turbines with floating basis (tension leg type) of simulating calculation software. Therefore the control strategy is optimized suitable for tension leg type wind turbine applied to deep and far sea.

通过深远海漂浮式风机施工方案可行性研究，提出了漂浮式基础拼装与调试基地总体布置与设备配置、漂浮式风机基地拼装与场内转运施工工艺、漂浮式风机基地调试模式，改变了以往风机现场调试的模式。根据水文、气象条件制定一套可行的漂浮式风机拖航施工工艺与应急预案。

Through the feasibility study of the floating wind turbine construction at deep and far sea are put forward the floating turbine foundation assembling and the general layout and equipment configuration of debugging experiment of the foundation， the construction technology of assembly and on-site transshipment of a complete set of floating type wind turbine， and the debugging method of the turbine different from the previous one.Besides， a feasible towing construction and contingency plan of floating type wind turbine is formulated according to hydrology and meteorological conditions.

通过对上海市开展深远海域海上风电重大示范工程研究的必要性、可行性以及实施路径和保障措施的分析，进行了广泛的调查和深入的研究，并取得了重大的阶段性研究成果。包括：1.场址选择基本可行；2.海上风电场并网方案基本可行；3.深远海风电场张力腿式漂浮式基础基本可行；4.深远海风电漂浮式风机研究基本可行；5.深远海漂浮式风机施工方案基本可行；6.风险与不确定因素识别及防范应对充分；7.深远海风电造价研究水平基本合理；8.工程建设实施路径及保障措施基本合理。

They investigate extensively and make in-depth researches on the necessity， feasibility， and implementation approaches and safeguard measures for Shanghai City to carry out major demonstration project researches of off-shore wind power at deep and far sea; and partial research results are made as follows; firstly， the site selected is feasible; secondly， the grid-connected scheme of offshore wind plant is feasible; thirdly， the floating tension-leg foundation at deep and far sea is feasible; fourthly， floating wind turbines at deep and far sea are feasible; fifthly， the construction scheme of floating wind turbine at deep and far sea is feasible; sixthly， identification of risks and uncertainties and responses to those are adequate; seventhly， the cost of building wind power station at deep and far sea is reasonable; eighthly， the implementation approaches and the safeguard measures of engineering construction are reasonable.

从产业发展角度，率先开展深远海风电项目的研究开发，有利于上海海上风电设备研制向高端发展，提高海上风电的勘测设计水平，提升施工装备及施工水平，以及培养海上风电高端人才，使上海的海上风电发展继续保持全国领先地位，并能跻身于国际领先水平。

From the perspective of industrial development， taking the lead to research and develop wind power at deep and far sea helps shanghai to make the equipment of offshore wind power become high-end， increase its survey and design level of wind power， improve construction equipment and construction quality and train high-end talents in this field. Besides， the domestic leading role of Shanghai in the development of offshore wind power is maintained and therefore， Shanghai is qualified to rank among the international leading level.

（上海东海风力发电有限公司等单位供稿，杜坤杰和李琦芬等整理）

(Contributed by Shanghai East China Sea Wind Power Co.， Ltd.，sorted by Du kunjie and Li Qifen， etc.)