How to Make Good Use of Underground Limited Space
Construction of Large Underground Hub Station of Urban Rail Transit
上海市轨道交通建设经过多年发展，运营车站周边的地下空间基本已被地下商场、地下车库、地下通道、人防等构筑物所占据。由于前期规划的滞后性，市中心部分早期建设的线路未为后期建设预留空间，这给轨道交通的进一步发展带来了重大挑战。
The underground space around the operating stations has been basically occupied by underground malls，underground garages， underground passages， civil air defense and other structures after years of development of rail transit construction in Shanghai. Many early planned and constructed rail transit lines in downtown did not reserve space for subsequent construction， thus imposing great challenges on the further development of the rail transit.
传统的轨道交通车站建设需要在市政道路下进行开挖修建，淮海路、四平路、华山路等城市主干道及邻近商圈在建设地铁车站时对道路交通、地下管线、周边建筑、商业环境造成了很大的负面影响。如仍采用传统方法在陆家嘴、徐家汇等繁华商业中心的交通枢纽建成区建设轨道交通车站将产生巨大的社会、环境成本，因此必须利用既有地铁车站及其邻近的地下空间进行二次开发建设。所以利用既有结构开发地下大空间新技术具有重要意义。
The conventional rail transit station is often constructed under the municipal roads. The construction of metro stations on the urban main roads such as Huaihai Road， Siping Road and Huashan Road and their neighboring commercial areas， has negative impacts on the road traffic， underground pipelines， surrounding buildings and commercial environment. If conventional methods are still used for building rail transit stations in prosperous commercial centers like Lujiazui and Xujiahui， huge social and environmental costs can be unacceptable andtherefore secondary development construction must be carried out in the existing metro stations and their neighboring space. So new technologies of using the existing structures to develop large underground space are very important.
浅层承压水施工回灌技术
Recharging Technology of Shallow Confined Water
形成“隔、降、灌”并举的承压水治理思路，形成适应软土富水底层承压水治理施工新方法、复杂渗流条件下承压降水引起的周围地层沉降理论，并开发对应计算工具。通过9号线宜山路站及其他类似工程的运用证明了其有效性，并为进一步研究承压水治理问题提供了导向。一系列承压水治理的设计、施工手段，例如研发的围护-渗流一体化计算软件、高精度水位控制系统、双套管真空深井井点、承压水处理回灌措施等，都可以直接在类似工程中应用，提高控制沉降的能力。
“Isolation， draining and recharging” is suggested to control the confined water and a new construction method compliant to the confined water treatment in water-rich bottom of soft soil is developed. And a new theory of how the draining of artesian aquifer caused surrounding ground settlement under complicated seepage condition is suggested， with corresponding computation tools developed. The application in Metro No.9 Line Yishan Road Station and other similar projects have proved it to be effective. And it has also provided guidance for the further research on the confined water treatment. A series of design and construction method of confined water treatment including the integrated computational software of enclosure and seepage， high-precision water level control system， double-bushing vacuum deep well point and treatment and recharging of confined water treatment have been developed and can be used directly in similar projects， improving the control of the settlement.
在运营地铁线路旁实践既有地下室的托换和向下加层的施工
Underpinning of Existing Basement and Construction of Added Floor Downward Near Operating Metro Line
成功避免了在繁华地区建设轨道交通换乘通道对地面交通和地下管线的影响，实现地下空间二次开发，并开发出一系列新工艺、新方法，如创新形成低净空条件下结构托换、地基加固、围护制作及土方开挖的一整套施工工艺及相应设备，保证了紧邻的运营中地铁车站的安全。通过引进吸收再创新的方式，率先在国外先进设备的基础上，开发出对环境要求极高的区域施作地下围护结构的先插型钢后高压旋喷的施工工艺，实践表明该工艺具有先进性和可靠性。自主研制出相应的压力平衡高压旋喷的废液处理技术及设备，有效地解决了在繁华地区处理废弃泥浆的难题，实现了可持续发展的绿色施工方法。
The influence of building interchange passages of rail transit on the ground traffic and underground pipelines has been removed successfully. The secondary development of underground space is made practicable， and a series of new technologies and new methods are developed: a full set construction technologies and corresponding equipment of structure underpinning under low clearance condition， foundation reinforcement， enclosure structure construction and earth excavation， which help to ensure the safety of surrounding operating metro stations.By introduction， absorption， and innovation of foreign advanced equipment， a new construction method of underground enclosure structures in highly sensitive environment has been initiated， in which， shape steels arepiled into the ground first， and then high pressure jet grouting is used. And it has been found through practice that this new method is advanced and reliable. The corresponding waste liquid processing technology and equipment of the pressure-balanced high pressure jet grouting have been independently developed， which effectively solve the problem of processing waste slurry in urban area and make sustainable construction method practicable.(www.xing528.com)
在全线不停运条件下，实现了既有运营车站大规模的改建施工
Large Scale Reconstruction of Operating Station without Service Closure
形成了地下结构改建施工的新方法，即利用抗浮梁等技术措施，有效抑制地下结构大面积凿除、卸载后上浮趋势，保持下方轨行区正常通行。优化混凝土结构大面积凿除工艺，避免附带损伤，确保改建结构耐久性。
New methods of underground structures reconstruction including anti-floating beams are creatively developed to effectively suppress the up floating trend of underground structure after large area being chiseled and unloaded， thus ensuring the traffic in the underlying rail tunnel can run normally. The large area chiseling technology of concrete structure has been optimized so as to avoid collateral damage and ensure the durability of the rebuilt structures.
基坑施工对已运营地铁区间隧道和车站保护的施工新方法、新工艺
Construction Methods and New Technologies of Protecting the Existing Metro Tunnel and Station during Foundation Pit Construction
结合盾构进出洞加固措施，创新“二次加固”方法，有效隔离、减弱“L”型换乘站施工中端头井地下墙和基坑开挖阶段对既有运营区间隧道和隧道-车站接头薄弱部位的影响。探索并证实了与既有车站共用围护结构的基坑开挖会造成车站上浮的现象，并创新提出了理论指导下的“化整为零”施工方法，在实践中得到了成功应用，大幅度降低共墙车站的上浮量。
Combining reinforcement measures of the start and arrival of TBM with renewed “secondary reinforcement”method can effectively isolate and reduce the influence of excavation of the end shafts， diaphragm wall and foundation pit during the “L-type” interchange station construction on the existing operating tunnels and the weak parts of the joint between tunnel and station. It has been explored and confirmed that the excavation of the foundation pit which shares the enclosure systems with existing stations will lead to up-floating of the station，and the construction method of“breaking up the whole into parts” is creatively suggested under the guidance of theories， which has been successfully applied in the practice and sharply reduced the floating amount of the stations that sharing the diaphragm wall.
经过近3年与科研结合的精心施工，4座枢纽站均顺利完工，4座大型枢纽站基坑均达到一级基坑标准，即围护结构位移不大于开挖深度的1.5‰，地层沉降不大于开挖深度的1‰，临近的轨道交通线绝对沉降不大于20毫米，相对曲率不大于1/15 000。此外各枢纽站均达到或超过了其重点控制的环境保护指标。
After nearly three years of careful construction combined with research， 4 hub stations have been successfully completed， and the foundation pits of the 4 large hub stations have all reached the level I standard of foundation pit， which means the displacement of the enclosure structure is less than 1.5‰ of the excavation depth， the ground settlement is less than 1‰ of the excavation depth， the absolute settlement of the nearby rail transit line is less than 20 mm， and the relative curvature is less than 1/15 000. In addition， every hub station has reached or exceeded the requirement of the specially controlled environmental protection indicators.
成果已经在“十一五”期间的“新四线”建设中推广应用，例如，二次加固、承压水综合治理等技术，收到了良好的社会效益。上海将形成与国际化大都市地位相适应的现代化轨道交通网络，未来中心城区新建车站50%以上都是换乘站或枢纽站，例如未来1/12/13号线换乘的汉中路枢纽站就涉及超深基坑承压水危害治理、共墙深基坑开挖和既有车站改造等多项技术。长三角地区其他城市，如南京和杭州，也将初步迈入网络化运营阶段。
Some results of this research subject have been promoted and applied in the “new four lines” construction in the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan”， such as secondary reinforcement and comprehensive treatment of the confined water， and good social benefits have been achieved. There will be a modern rail transit network which can adapt to the status of Shanghai as an international metropolis. More than 50% of the new stations to be built in urban central area will be interchange station or hub station. For example， the to-be-built Hanzhong Road Hub Station at which people can transfer their lines between No. 1/12/13 lines is involved in many technologies， such as the treatment of confined water in a very deep foundation pit， the excavation of deep foundation pit that share diaphragm walls and the reconstruction of existing stations. Other cities in the Yangtze River Delta like Nanjing and Hangzhou will also enter into the networking operation stage of rail transit system.
（上海隧道工程有限公司等单位供稿，马蕾等整理）
(Contributed by Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co.， Ltd.， sorted by Ma Lei)
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