超高层建筑施工技术规范化管理

To Impose Regulations on Super High-rise Building Construction

超高层建筑施工技术集成体系与应用

Integrated System and Application of Super High-rise Building Construction Technology

上海作为远东国际大都市和中国对外开放的窗口，土地资源一直比较稀缺，对发展超高层建筑的需求也非常迫切。上海浅层地基松软，承载力低，发展更大规模的超高层建筑有赖于基础工程技术的突破。造型新颖的超高层建筑结构施工和安装的难度越来越大，建造过程中存在的不可预测因素日益增多，对数字化建造技术的创新发展提出了更高的要求。目前上海超高层建筑施工还是一项劳动密集型工作，生产效率低，工程难度大，而本集成技术的开发应用，极大地促进了超高层建筑的开发水平和生产力的提高，有效地缓解了人类活动空间不断扩大与土地不可再生之间的矛盾，是上海市建筑业的一次突破性发展。

Shanghai， as an east international metropolis in the Far East and a showcase of China’s opening up，is a city of scarce land resources and thus sees urgent demand for super high-rise buildings. Due to the soft shallow ground with poor bearing capacity， larger scale of super high-rise building construction depends on breakthroughs in foundation engineering technology. As the construction and installation of super high-rise building structure featured unique design are becoming more and more difficult，the unpredictable factors in the construction process are growing， which puts forward more strict requirements for the innovation and development of the digital construction technology. At present，super high-rise construction in Shanghai is labor intensive， inefficient and has great difficulties. Given this situation， the development and application of this integral technology can significantly improve the development level of super high-rise building and the productivity， and mitigate the contradiction between increasing human demand for activity space and non-renewable land resources， which can be regarded as a breakthrough of construction industry in Shanghai.

超高层建筑软土、深大基坑微变形控制及支护技术

Micro-deformation Control and Support Technology of Soft Soil and Deep-and-large Foundation Pit of Super High-rise Building

围绕着中心城区地下空间开发近邻环境土工安全管控，开发了深基坑逆作法建造技术，避免了支撑拆除，降低了对周边地层/近邻建筑的扰动；开发了毗邻既有建/构筑物的深基坑轴力自适应控制装备与低扰动控制技术，通过采取钢支撑轴力的信息化监控和主动补偿、深基坑群分区卸载微扰动控制等关键技术，最大限度降低了对既有建/构筑物等的安全影响；开发了超大、超深基坑复合围护体系施工关键技术，使国产等厚度水泥土搅拌墙（TRD工法）设备在大体量超深50米以上的软土复杂地层中成为现实，为30米以上的深大基坑安全顺利开挖提供了一种新办法、新思路；开发了复杂群坑同步施工及换撑的深基坑施工风险控制技术，通过对换撑安装及拆除阶段的基坑及周边环境变形监测数据分析，来论证换撑施工的时间、部位的合理性，确保复杂群坑同步施工的风险控制；开发了软土地基中地下连续墙套铣设备及施工技术，提高了地下连续墙在软土地基中的施工质量，降低了地下连续墙接缝渗漏的风险，使基坑施工对周边环境的影响大大减小。

Top-down construction technology of deep foundation pit， developed for surrounding environment safety control of underground space development in the city center， has avoided support demolition and reduced disturbance to the surrounding layer and nearby buildings. Also， self-adaptive control equipment for deep foundation of adjacent existing buildings/structures and control technology of low disturbance near existing buildings have been developed based on several key technologies including informational monitoring， initiative compensation of steel timbering axial force， and micro-disturbance control of partition unload of deep foundation pits， minimizing the safety impact on existing buildings/structures. In addition， key technology of compound support system applied to super deep foundation pit has been exploited， making it possible for TRD construction method to operate under soft soil complex layer over 50 m deep， and proposing a new perspective for the safe excavation of foundation pit over 30 m deep. Additionally， synchronous construction of a complex foundation pit group， together with the risk control technology of support replacement construction has proved the rationality of support replacement time and position， and ensured risk control of synchronous construction through monitoring data analysis of surrounding deformation during installation and demolition phases. Last， milling equipment andconstruction technology of underground diaphragm walls under soft soil foundation pit have been developed，which has enhanced construction quality and reduced joint leaky risk so as to minimize the influences on surrounding areas.

地下连续墙施工
Underground diaphragm wall construction

成槽设备
Trench construction

超高层建筑高性能混凝土及混凝土泵送工艺与装备关键技术

High-performance Concrete for Super High-Rise Buildings and Key Technology of Concrete Pumping Method and Equipment

开发了超大体积混凝土施工关键技术，在上海环球金融中心工程中42小时内一次连续浇筑2.89万立方米的主楼底板C40大体积混凝土；在上海中心大厦工程采用中心浇筑工艺成功在60小时内将超长（121米）、超厚（6米）、方量6万立方米的C50大体积混凝土一次连续浇筑，创造了大体积混凝土一次连续浇筑总方量和施工速度的世界纪录；宁波第一高楼——宁波环球航运广场工程在60小时左右一次连续浇筑5米厚、3.8万立方米方量的C40大体积混凝土，继上海中心大厦之后创造了当时民用建筑领域一次连续浇筑大体积混凝土的世界第二记录。开发了高强超高强混凝土制备技术，研制出C60～C120高强超高强混凝土，得出高强混凝土配合比设计关键参数，研究成果被新编国家标准《高强混凝土应用技术规程》(JGJ/T281-2012)采纳。

Firstly， key technology of super large-volume concrete has been developed and applied in the one-time pouring of large-volume C40 concrete of 28 900 m3 main floor in the construction of Shanghai World Financial Center， which was completed in 42 hours. In the building of Shanghai Tower， one-time pouring of large-volume C50 concrete， with a length of 121 m， a thickness of 6 m and a volume of 60 000 m3， has been finished in 60 hours， which set new records in volume and speed. The tallest building in Ningbo， Global Shipping Plaza， has finished one-time pouring of C40 concrete with a thickness of 5 m and a volume of 38 000 m3 within around 60 hours， which set the world’s second record in civil building field at that time. Besides， preparation technology of high intensity concrete and ultra-high intensity concrete has been developed to successfully produce the C60～C120 concretes which help to form the key parameters of concrete composition. In addition， the research achievement has been adopted in Technical Regulations of High Intensity Concrete(JGJ/T281-2012).

上海环球金融中心方量2.89万立方米
Shanghai World Financial Center A volume of 28 900 m3

宁波环球航运广场方量3.8万立方米
Ningbo Global Shipping Plaza A volume of 38 000 m3

上海中心大厦方量6万立方米
Shanghai Tower A volume of 60 000 m3

开发了混凝土泵送工艺与装备关键技术，研发的HBT90CH-2150D，最大理论输送压力达到了50兆帕，创造了当时理论输送压力最大的纪录；研发的HBT9060CH-5M超高压输送泵，输送压力达到58.6兆帕，再次刷新了混凝土输送泵输送压力的世界纪录；研发的Φ150超高压耐磨抗爆输送管，显著提高了管道的使用寿命，使混凝土泵送阻力平均可降低20%；研发的HGY-28混凝土布料机，回转半径可达28米，可安装于模架装备上，随同模架装备同步爬升，使混凝土浇筑工效大幅提升。

Secondly， key technology of concrete pumping method and equipment has been developed. The maximum theoretical delivery pressure of HBT90CH-2150D delivery pump was up to 50 MPa which was a new record at that time. For HBT9060CH-5M delivery pump， the delivery pressure was 58.6 MPa， which was another world record breaker. For Φ150 ultrahigh pressure wear-resistant and anti-explosion conveying pipe， the service life was significantly improved and the pumping resistance was reduced by 20% on average. And for HGY-28 concrete distribution spreader， the turning radius was 28 m， which can be installed on the mold base and ascend synchronously with the mold base， greatly improving pouring efficiency.

HBT9060CH-5M超高压输送泵
HBT9060CH-5M ultrahigh pressure delivery pump

HGY-28混凝土布料机
HGY-28 concrete distribution spreader

Φ150超高压耐磨抗爆输送管
Φ150 ultrahigh pressure wear-resisting and antiknock delivery pump

超高层建筑建造模架工艺与装备关键技术

Key Technology of Mold Base Method and Equipment of Super High-rise Building

开发了临时钢柱支撑式整体自升钢平台模架体系，主要创新技术包含工具式拼装整体脚手架系统、分体组合模架转换方法及整体脚手架滑移技术，并分别获得发明专利，2005年，在上海环球金融中心（492米）得到进一步应用，2012年，获国家科技进步二等奖。

Firstly， the temporary mold base system of integral self-lifting steel platform with steel support has been developed. The main patents earned innovative technologies include tool-type assembly of integral scaffold system， transfer method of separable combination mold base and sliding technology of integral scaffold. In 2005，these technologies saw further application in the construction of Shanghai World Financial Center (492 m)， which was awarded the second prize of National Scientific and Technical Progress Award in 2012.

开发了劲性钢柱联合内筒外架支撑式整体自升钢平台模架体系，主要技术包含核心筒劲性钢柱作为导向爬升系统、内外模架姿态控制悬挂式爬升技术及水平结构同步施工，典型工程技术应用于广州新电视塔（610米），2012年，获上海市科技进步一等奖。

Secondly， integral self-lifting steel platform mold base system with inner tube and outrigger support of stiff steel column has been developed. The main technologies include climbing system oriented by stiff steel column of core tube， suspension-type climbing system for inside-and-outside mold base attitude control， and synchronous construction of horizontal structure. The typical application is Canton Tower in Guangzhou (610 m) which was awarded the first prize of Shanghai Scientific and Technical Progress Award in 2012.

开发了下置顶升式整体钢平台模架装备技术体系，获授权发明专利，主要技术方法包含内置小型液压驱动、钢梁爬升系统、钢梁与筒架交替支撑、标准模块化集成技术及智能化控制技术，典型工程应用于上海中心大厦（632米），2014年，获上海市技术发明一等奖。

Thirdly， technology system of lower-lay-lifting integral steel platform mold base has been developed. The main technologies cover small built-in hydraulic drive， steel beam climbing system， alternate support with steel beam and frame tube， standard modularization integral technology， and intelligent control technology. A case in point is Shanghai Tower (632 m)， which was awarded the first prize of Shanghai Technical Invention in 2014.

开发了上置提升式整体钢平台模架装备技术体系，获授权发明专利，主要技术方法包含内置小型液压驱动、工具钢柱爬升系统、钢柱与筒架交替支撑、标准模块化集成技术及智能化控制技术，典型工程应用于上海白玉兰广场（320米），2014年，获上海市技术发明一等奖。

Additionally， technology system of upper-lay-lifting integral steel platform mold base has been developed and authorized with patent for invention. The main technologies include small built-in hydraulic drive， tool-type steel column climbing system， and alternate support with steel beam and frame tube， standard modularization integral technology， and intelligent control technology. A representative application is Shanghai Magnolia Plaza(320 m)， which was awarded the first prize of Shanghai Technical Invention in 2014.

筒架支撑式动力内置整体爬升钢平台模架装备（上海中心大厦）
Integral climbing platform formwork with frame-tube support and built-in power (Shanghai Tower)

钢柱筒架交替支撑整体爬升钢平台模架装备（上海白玉兰广场）
Integral lifting platform formwork with steel column and frame tube alternate support (Shanghai Magnolia Plaza)

超高层建筑数字化建造技术(www.xing528.com)

Digital Construction Technology of Super High-rise Building

开发了标准化模块化整体钢平台模架集成仿真系统，基于模架装备各子系统参数化建模、模型库管理、模型虚拟预拼装、可视化仿真建造，解决了模架装备模型和结构模型之间空间碰撞，最大限度地使用标准件进行最优体型匹配设计，实现模架装备的重复周转使用。

Firstly， simulation system of standardization and modularization integral steel platform mold base has been developed. Space collision between mold base model and structural model has been removed on virtue of parametric modeling of mold base subsystems， model base management， and model’s virtual pre-assembly，as well as visual simulation construction. Recycling of mold base can be realized by maximum use of standard components for optimal matching design.

开发了钢结构虚拟拼装技术，利用信息化模型虚拟拼装代替实物预拼装，实现加工与安装的数据化联动，提高了效率，降低了成本；开发了钢结构整体提升安装的可视化控制系统，具有实时测量、监控、动态调整、数据记录等功能，确保了钢结构安装的同步性控制，提高了工效和安全性；针对高空焊接工艺需求，创新研制了五自由度混联焊接机器人以及全位置智能焊接机器人，为建筑工程钢结构安装提供了高精度、高效率、低成本的智能化焊接技术，进一步发展了钢结构智能化建造装备技术。

Secondly， virtual steel-structure assembly technology has been developed， using informational model instead of material object， which makes data linkage possible between process and assembly phase improves the efficiency and reduces the cost as well. Besides， visualization control system of steel-structure integral lifting installation has been developed， featured with real-time measuring， monitoring， and dynamic adjustment and data record， which can ensure synchronous control of assembly and improve the efficiency and safety. To meet the requirements of high-altitude welding technology， welding robots with five-degree freedom and intelligent welding robots with versatile positions have been developed， which ensures high precision， high efficiency and low cost. The intelligent construction technology of steel structure has also seen improvement.

开发了机电管线安装的模拟技术，基于建筑信息化模型（BIM）技术对机电管线安装空间进行了标高分析及空间优化，深化设计方案优选，施工可行性分析，管线布留及支吊架布局优化等。

Thirdly， simulation technology of electrical and mechanical piping installation has been developed， which，based on BIM technology， carries out level analysis， space optimization， scheme selection of detailed design，analysis of construction feasibility， pipeline layout， layout optimization of supporters and hangers.

开发了幕墙安装的模拟技术，通过幕墙系统与钢结构系统合模，确定幕墙支撑系统空间定位，同时解决了碰撞问题、工艺尺寸问题，最后根据正确的空间模型生成平面图纸，弥补设计深度不足的同时，实现了一体化深化设计。

Simulation technology of curtain installation has been developed. At the same time， the problems of collision and process dimension have been solved through combined model of curtain system and steel structure system todecide the spatial orientation of curtain wall support system. And the final step is to produce drawings based on correct space model to not only cover the shortage of design depth but also realize the integration of deepening design.

钢结构安装模拟
Simulation of steel structure installation

静安大中里仿真建造
Simulation construction of Jing’an Dazhongli

利用三维激光扫描技术，通过对大型结构的部件进行扫描，建立三维模型，评定部件制作精度，在施工过程中跟踪扫描异型结构与关键构件施工，实时评价构件的位置偏差和安装精度，并指导下一步施工；利用三维激光打印技术，可以容易地完成复杂曲线曲面建筑的施工，节省了人工，提高了生产效率，实现了低碳、环保的绿色建造。

Additionally， three dimensional laser scanning technology was applied on large structural components to establish 3D model. And through the evaluation of manufacturing precision， tracking and scanning the construction of abnormal shape structures and key components， along with real-time evaluation of positional deviation and installation　precision， all of which help to guide next-step construction. With 3D laser scanning technology， buildings with complex curves and surfaces can be easily constructed， which can save labor work，improve efficiency and realize low-carbon， environmental green construction.

系列超高层建筑施工技术在上海环球金融中心、广州新电视塔、上海中心大厦、上海白玉兰广场、大中里综合发展项目、上海国际金融中心、星港国际中心、大连国贸中心和宁波环球航运广场等众多工程项目中得到了推广应用。

The above-mentioned technologies have been widely applied to lots of projects including Shanghai World Financial Center， Canton Tower， Shanghai Tower， Shanghai Magnolia Plaza， Dazhongli Complex project，Shanghai IFC， Xingguang International Center， Dalian World Trade Center， Ningbo Global Shipping Plaza， and so on.

超高层建筑软土、深大基坑微变形控制及支护技术的应用，实现了地下工程施工对近邻既有建/构筑物、近邻环境土工的低扰动和安全的有效管控，从技术到理念改变了中国地下空间开发的方式，具有较高的经济和社会效益。

Firstly， application of micro-deformation control and support technology of deep-and-large foundation pit and soft soil of super high-rise building have efficiently controlled low disturbance and safety of nearby existing buildings and surrounding environment. This technology not only brings technological but also concept change in the method of underground space exploitation， which has a significant influence with economic and social benefits.

超高层建筑高性能混凝土及混凝土泵送工艺与装备关键技术的应用，实现了超高建筑混凝土材料、泵送工艺及装备的技术突破，解决了混凝土超高泵送的世界难题，实现了C60混凝土一次泵送高度达582米、C45混凝土一次泵送高度达606米、C35混凝土一次泵送高度达610米，验证性地将C100高强混凝土一次泵送高度达547米、120兆帕超高强混凝土一次泵送高度达620米，多次突破了混凝土一次泵送高度和强度等级的世界纪录，极大地促进了我国超高层建造技术发展。

Secondly， application of high-performance concrete for super high-rise and key technology of concrete pumping method and equipment have achieved great breakthroughs and solved worldwide challenges. For C60 concrete， one-time pumping height was 582 m ， and 606 m　for C45 concrete， 610 m　for C35 concrete. For C100 concrete， the pumping height was verified to be 547 m ， and 620 m　for 120 MPa concrete. In short， super highrise construction technology in China has been greatly promoted through these world records of pumping height and intensity grade.

超高层建筑建造模架工艺与装备关键技术的应用，加快了施工进度，消除了高空恐惧感，降低了声、光、尘对周边环境的影响，降低了材料消耗，解决了高层建筑混凝土结构高效安全建造的世界难题，极大地促进了我国超高层建造技术发展。

Thirdly， application of key mold base technology has increased construction speed and relieved high-altitude fear. Also， it has reduced influence of sound， light and dust to the surroundings and reduced materials consumption as well. In addition， the worldwide challenges about efficiency and safety have been tackled， which greatly promoted the development of super high-rise construction technology.

超高层建筑数字化建造技术的应用，提高了施工效率，实现了构件精细化制作，解决了超高建筑数字化建造集成化应用水平低、协同管理难等一系列世界性难题，有效提升超高层建筑行业绿色施工水平，积极推进我国超高层建筑行业绿色建造技术的发展。

Additionally， application of digital construction technology in super high-rise buildings has improved construction efficiency and component precision， which provides solutions to global challenges of low integration level and collaboration management. In short， with upgrade of green construction， the super high-rise green construction industry in China has positively been developed.

“上海中心”的建设从建筑全生命周期角度出发，创造性地大胆应用BIM技术，将数字信息模型完整地引入项目的设计、施工及运营管理全过程，有效控制了建筑信息的采集、加工、存储和交流，从而帮助项目的最高决策者对项目进行合理的协调、规划和控制。BIM在“上海中心”的应用，创造性地突破该模型原来建筑信息模型的定义，逐步实现了从建筑信息制造、到建筑信息监理，直至建筑信息管理的全生命周期的“数字建筑”。全生命周期的“数字建筑”——“上海中心”，不仅将创造传统行业在数字化革命下创新的范例，更将为建筑地产行业、城市基础设施管理及上海建设世界级的“数字城市”，提供值得研究和参考的样本。

Given the whole life cycle of Shanghai Tower， innovative BIM technology was introduced to apply the digital model completely into the project design， construction and operation management. The collecting，processing， storage and communicating of the construction information have been effectively kept in control so as to help the decision makers to reasonably coordinate and plan for the project. BIM’s application in Shanghai Tower broke the previous definition of building information model and gradually realized digital building with whole life cycle of building information manufacturer， building information monitor and even building information management. Shanghai Tower， a digital building with a full life cycle， will set an example for digital reforms in traditional industries and provide constructive sample for properties and construction industry， urban infrastructure management so as to develop Shanghai into a digital city.

上海中心大厦
Shanghai tower

日光利用
Sunlight utilization

三联供系统
Triple supply system

风力发电设备
Wind power generation equipment

BIM三维设计功能为整个大楼的结构体系建模
Structure system modeling of the whole building with BIM three dimensional design function

创新成果立足于超高层建造过程中的施工安全，注重解决施工中所面临的技术难题，提高超高层建筑施工水平，实现了超高层建筑安全、高效、绿色的建造，部分成果达到国际领先，整体达到国际先进，创造了国内外超高层施工技术的数个记录，改变了国外对我国施工领域的认识，引领了世界超高建筑发展的东移，其经济与社会效益显著。课题形成的相关研究成果及示范工程的推广，将加快超高层建筑施工成套技术在建筑市场的普及，促进相关技术、产品及数字化仿真系统的不断升级，提升建筑企业及相关行业的技术创新能力和市场竞争力，加快超高层绿色建造的规模化、产业化发展。

Based on super high-rise construction safety， innovation achievements in this book focus on solving technical difficulties and improving construction level so as to provide safe， highly efficient and green construction of super high-rise buildings. Part of the achievements has reached a globally leading level， and overall achievements are worldwide advanced， which have created a number of domestic and foreign super high-level construction technology records， brought changes to the world’s view to the field of Chinese construction， seen eastward shift in world’s super high-rise building construction， and created profound economic and social benefits. In addition，wide application of relative research achievements and demonstration projects will accelerate the popularization of packaged technology and promote the upgrading of technologies， products and digital simulation system. Also， it will enhance technological innovative ability and market competitiveness， and expedite scale-up development and boost industrialization development of super high-rise green construction.

（上海建工集团股份有限公司和上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司等单位供稿，马蕾等整理）

(Contributed by China Construction Group Co.， Ltd. and Shanghai Tower Construction and Development Co.， Ltd.， sorted by Ma Lei， etc.)