句子层面,法律英语主要有两大特征,一是句套多,二是长句多。句套其实就是由一些核心短语引导的出现频率较高的一些句式,在使用时遇到相同的意思套用即可。这样的句套掌握之后会使法律文本的写作和翻译更地道、更容易,但是这些句套本身也是学习之初的障碍之一。长句在法律英语里面尤其突出,有些长句可以长达三四百个单词,包含五六个分句,以及各种插入语,这样冗长复杂的句子在普通英语中是几乎不会出现的,这也构成了法律英语的一大难点。
1.句套
下面介绍六种最常用的句套:
(1)otherwise
(2)subject to
(3)without prejudice to
(4)conditional clauses
(5)for the purpose of
(6)provided that
(7)notwithstanding
(1)otherwise
otherwise在法律英语中的主要用法有两个:一是or otherwise,表示“或相反”“或以其他方式”。
例1:The Parties agree that the arbitration panel shall have full authority and power to issue orders,temporary or otherwise.
协议双方同意,仲裁小组可全权发布临时的或永久性的决议。
分析:otherwise后面没有其他成分,则otherwise应理解为与or之前成分相同的并列成分,表示的意思是temporary以外的其他情况,应灵活地翻译为“永久的”。
例2:The arbitration panel may not limit,expand or otherwise modify the terms of this Agreement.
仲裁小组不得限制、扩展或以其他方式修改本协议条款。
分析:此句中otherwise后面搭配了与前文成分相同的动词,则or otherwise应理解为“或以其他方式”。
第二种用法是:otherwise than/unless otherwise/except as otherwise provided/stipulated/agreed。表示“除非……另有规定外”“除非经……另行同意外”。
例3:Unless otherwise agreed to by ABC Company,Distributor agrees that it will not act as an authorized distributor for any competing line of products as defined in Exhibit A.
除非经ABC公司另行同意,经销商同意不会作为附录A定义产品的竞争产品的授权经销商。
例4:Except as otherwise(=Otherwise than)specifically provided herein,neither party shall be liable for any failure to perform or for any delay in performing any of its obligations hereunder caused by circumstances beyond its reasonable control.
除非本文另有规定,由超出其合理控制范围的情况造成的不能履行或延迟履行本合同规定之义务,任何一方不对此负责。
分析:Except…provided herein是条件状语从句,表示“除非……”,herein前面讲过是古旧词,表示“在本文中”。neither party…reasonable control是主句,主语是neither party,谓语是shall be liable for…or for…。也就是说,be liable be后面跟了两个for,表示对failure和delay负有责任。cause by circumstances beyond its reasonable control的主语有两个,即failure和delay,表示“超出其合理控制范围的情况”造成的不能履行合同和延迟履行合同的两种情况。
例5:In the event of early termination or expiration of this Agreement,the license granted pursuant to Article 2 shall immediately terminate except as otherwise provided in this Article:…
若本协议提前终止或到期,第2条授予之许可应立即终止,但本条另行规定除外:……
(2)subject to
在法律英语中,subject to最常搭配的内容是agreement,section,contract等,表示“根据……规定;在符合……的条件下;以……为准”。subject to后面接名词或名词性短语。
例1:Licensors'obligations under this Agreement to furnish Technology to the Licensee are subject to all governmental regulations or laws of China.
许可方根据本协议向被许可方提供技术的义务应符合中国政府法律法规的规定。
分析:subject to后面接regulations或laws等跟法律法规相关的词语时通常翻译为“符合……法律/法规的规定”。
例2:The determination of quality of the timber is subject to the results of analysis of the representative samples drawn from the actually landed cargo.
分析:本句的基本框架是主语the determination of quality of the timber,谓语is subject to加上表语the results of analysis。基本意思是“木材质量的好坏受到结果的影响”。the representative samples是定语,修饰the results of analysis。drawn from the actually landed cargo也是定语,修饰the representative samples。这样把句子主干和各种修饰关系理清之后,句子意思就明确了。这句里面的subject to后面接的是the results of analysis,应该翻译为“以检验结果为准”。
例3:The licensors hereby grant the Licensee,and the Licensee hereby accepts from the Licensors,subject to the limitations and restrictions herein,a non-exclusive right to use the Technology within the Territory to exploit the Products as defined in Section 2.4 herein below.
在遵守本协议限制性条款的条件下,许可方特此授予同时被许可方特此接受在领土范围内使用技术开发下文第二条第4款定义之产品的非专有的权利。
分析:本句的subject to后面跟的是limitations and restrictions,意思是“各种限制”。herein多用于法律英语,意思是“在此文本中,在此书中”。subject to the limitations and restrictions herein前面紧跟着the Licensors,也就是说“根据或遵循本协议限制性条款”,许可方授予被许可方,被许可从许可方接受一种非专有或非专享的权利。
(3)without prejudice to
without prejudice to这个短语在法律文本中的意思和其原意相差较大,若不了解其在法律文本中的特定含义,翻译出来的句子意思将相去甚远。在法律英语中,该短语通常搭配section,article,rules等词语,意思是“在不损害……的原则下;在……不受影响的情况下”。注意这个短语是一个介词短语,后面只能跟名词结构。
例1:Without prejudice to the licence granted pursuant to Article 2,the Licensor shall retain the right to authorise any other party to sell Products under the Marks in the Territory.
在不影响第二条授予之许可的条件下,许可方有权授权任何第三方在领土内销售带有其商标的产品。
例2:Because of the above and without prejudice to our further actions we will hold you personally responsible to compensate our losses,i.e.the losses the joint venture will suffer.
鉴于上述原因,且不影响我方采取进一步行动的条件下,我方将追究你个人赔偿我方损失的责任,即合资企业将遭受的损失。
(4)conditional clause
法律英语中存在大量的假设情况,因此频繁地使用条件句。为避免句式单调,常用的条件句有七八种,因此我们把条件句单列为一种句套翻译。以下结构在法律文本中都应译为:“凡……;如……;若……”:
·if;if and whenever
·when
·where
·should(+原型动词)
·in the event/in case that/of
·insofar as=as long as
·provided/providing that
·on the conditions that
例1:Where there come up special requirements or questions in relation to local circumstances,the Chinese Party may take them into consideration in preparing the design.
若提出了与当地环境相关的特殊要求或问题,中方可在设计筹备中予以考虑。
例2:Where a conflict exists between A,B and C,the most stringent provisions shall prevail.(www.xing528.com)
若A、B、C意思有冲突,以规定最严格者为准。
例3:Should the effect of Force Majeure continue more than one hundred(100)consecutive days,both parties shall settle the further execution of the Contract through friendly negotiations as soon as possible.
若不可抗力的影响持续超过100天,协议双方应通过友好协商解决合同进一步执行的问题。
例4:When no settlement can be reached,the case in dispute shall then be submitted for arbitration.
若争端未能解决,争议事项应提交仲裁。
(5)for the purpose(s)of
这个短语在普通英语中的含义主要是“为了……”=for;in order to,在法律英语中此含义用得较少,试举一例:
例1:The Board or any authorised person may require any person to disclose or furnish to the Board or authorised person,as the case may be,such information or document which such person possesses or has access to as the Board or authorised person considers necessary—
(a)for the purpose of ascertaining whether the funds of the Federation have been applied or expended in accordance with or in furtherance of its objects as set out in this Act and in its Constitution;or…
若董事会或授权个人认为有必要,可以要求任何人公布或向董事会或授权个人提供其拥有的或可以获取的此类信息或文件:
(a)以确认委员会的资金是否已按照或为了本条例或其章程规定之目的使用或开支;或……
分析:该短语在法律英语中最常见的用法是搭配regulations,articles,sections,表示“就……而言;为施行……条款”。
例2:For the purpose of this Law,“invention-creation”means inventions,utility models and designs.
就本法而言,“创造发明”是指发明、实用新型和设计。
例3:For the purpose of subsection(1),the Council,after consultation with the Board and subject to the approval of the Minister,may—(a)divide the members of the Federation into different classes;…
为实施第(1)款,委员会在与理事会协商并经部长同意之后,可以:
(a)将委员会成员分为不同等级;……
(6)provided that
上文提到provided that也是假设条件从句之一,但这个短语的用法有别于其他结构。这个短语本身就非常正式,在法律英语中的用法和在普通英语中相同,有两个含义:一是相当于if,when,where等,表示假设条件,但通常会在主句之后补充说明,语义正式,一般译为“倘若……”。
例1:ABC Company shall normally provide thirty(30)days notice of any price changes,but reserves the right to change these prices and discounts without prior notice,provided that the changes are made applicable generally to all ABC Company's International Distributors.
ABC公司一般应对任何价格变动提前30天通知,但是倘若该变动对ABC公司的所有国际经销商普遍适用,ABC公司有权在不进行提前通知的情况下进行价格或折扣的变动。
二是相当于but,with the exception of等,表示转折,译为“但……”,实际上也是表示补充条件。
例2:You are permitted to use the Standard Version and create and use Modified Versions for any purpose without restriction,provided that you do not Distribute the Modified Version.
你方可任意使用标准版以及创作或使用修订版,但不得发布该修订版。
例3:Instruction given by the Engineer shall be in writing,provided that if for any reason the Engineer considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally,the contractor shall comply with such instruction.
工程师发布的指示应以书面形式作出,但是如果工程师因某种原因认为有必要口头发布指示,承包商也应遵照执行。
例4:Except for any Confidential Information,ABC Company grants to the Distributor the right,at the Distributor's sole expense,to reprint,translate into any language,publish and distribute such Documentation,without substantive amendment,provided that such reprinted or translated information will have affixed to it ABC Company's standard copyright notice in form and placement identical to that appearing on the original Documentation.
除保密信息外,ABC公司授权经销商在不进行重大修改的前提下,将这些资料复制、翻译成任何语言、出版或发布,相关费用由经销商自行承担,但这些复制或翻译的信息须附上ABC公司标准的版权声明,其形式和位置应与原资料一致。
通过以上例句,我们可以进一步分析出provided that的使用规律,如果与but连用,则表示“倘若”;若单独使用或与if等条件结构连用,则表示“但是”。
(7)notwithstanding
notwithstanding这个词在普通英语中可以做副词和连词,但在法律英语中主要作介词,后面经常跟法律条款,表示“虽然/尽管有……的规定”
例1:Notwithstanding subsection(b)but subject to subsection(f)(2),if a person described in paragraph(3)becomes entitled to retired pay based on rates of monthly…
尽管有第二条之规定,但根据第五条第2款之规定,若第3款中所定义的个人有权获得退休金……
例2:Notwithstanding the Licensors'right to test and inspect the Products,the Licensors shall,subject to Article 10.1 above,have no responsibility for the quality of the Products…
尽管授权方有权测试和检测产品,但根据第10条第1款之规定,授权方对产品的质量不负有责任。
例3:Distributor agrees that all information marked“Confidential”shall be kept confidential by Distributor and shall not be divulged to any third party.ABC Co.intends to appropriately identify all Confidential Information,but notwithstanding the absence of such marking,all Technical Information,or other material information which the Distributor knows or has reasonable grounds to know to be secret,shall be deemed and treated as Confidential Information.
分销商承诺对所有标有“保密”的信息保密,不泄露给第三方。ABC公司将确认所有保密信息,但所有技术信息或其他分销商知晓、完全有理由判定为保密的材料信息,固然没有标志为保密信息,也会自动视为保密信息来处理。
2.长句
长句的翻译重在理解,理清句子结构。先找出主干结构,再分析修饰限制成分,是一般句子分析的方法。在翻译时也应先翻译主干,再慢慢理顺枝叶。
例1:The Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of losses within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,should the quality of the goods be found not in conformity with the specifications stipulated in the Contract after re-inspection by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau and the Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of short-weight within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,should the weight be found not in conformity with that stipulated in the Bill of Lading after reinspection by the CCIB.
若货物在经中国商品检验局复核之后,被发现其质量与合同规定之要求不符,买方有权在货物到达目的港60天内要求卖方赔偿一切损失;若货物在经中国商品检验局复核之后,被发现其重量与提单之标示不符,买方有权在货物到达目的港60天内要求卖方赔偿短缺的重量。
分析:这个句子看起来很长,实际上是由两个并列句组成的,两个并列句的结构完全一致,都是由一个假设条件句组成的复合句,句子结构清晰。
例2:Party A further unconditionally and irrevocably agrees to indemnify Party B against all actions,proceedings,claims,demands,losses,liabilities,damages,costs,charges and expenses of whatever nature which may result or which Part B may incur or sustain directly or indirectly arising from or in connection with the Guarantee and to repay to Party B immediately all amount paid by Part B in connection with said Guarantee,together with all costs of collection,including reasonable attorney's fees if permitted by law,which may be incurred by way of legal proceedings or otherwise.
甲方进一步作出无条件的、不可撤销的保证,为乙方免除所有可能产生的或乙方可能遭受的由本保证书直接或间接产生或相关的诉讼、索赔、损失、债务、赔偿金、成本、费用和开支;并立即反还乙方已经支付的所有与本保证书相关的费用以及代收成本,包括在法律允许情况下可能通过法律诉讼或其他方式产生的合理的律师费。
分析:这个长句的主干结构是一个主谓结构搭配两个不定式结构:Party A further unconditionally and irrevocably agrees to indemnify…and to repay…。两个不定式结构中分别又使用了介词短语、定语从句、并列机构、冗赘词等,使得句子承载了大量的信息。
例3:Now the Condition of the above written Guarantee is such that
[if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms,provisions,conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according to the true purport,intent and meaning thereof or if on default by the Contractor,the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sustained by the Employer up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect]but no alteration
in terms of the said contract or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed and completed and defects therein remedied thereunder and no allowance
of time by the Employer or the engineer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or in respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract on the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.
兹将履行本书面保证书的条件规定如下:如果承包人按合同的真实意图和含义切实履行并遵守所签署的上述合同中规定的承包人一方应履行和遵守的所有条款、条件及规定,或者若承包人违约,则保证人赔偿业主因此而蒙受的损失,以上述保证金额为限,届时,本保证书所承担的义务即告终止,否则保证书仍保持完全效力。但本合同条款的改变
或对将根据本合同实施、完成之工程和补救之缺陷的性质和范围的任何变更
,以及业主或工程师根据本合同给予的时间宽限
或该业主或工程师对本合同有关事宜所做的任何容忍或宽恕
,均不得解除保证人所承担的本保证书规定之义务。
分析:这个长句的难度非常大,结构非常复杂,而且除了冗赘词之间的逗号,几乎没有标点符号帮助断句。整个句子的主干是一个表语从句Now the Condition of the above written Guarantee is such that…(双下划线标示部分),表语的内容,即“上述保证书的条件”的具体内容,才是整个句子翻译的重点和难点。进一步分析,这个表语从句中的主要结构是一个主句(方括号部分)和一个but引导的转折分句。要注意的是句中有两个but,第一个but应该理解为方括号部分主句中的一个分句,第二个but引导的才是整个表语从句的分句。而方括号中这个主句又包括了两层句子结构,第一层是主句和but引导的转折分句,第二层主句又是一个复合句,含if引导的假设条件句。而第二个but引导的这个分句是一个由多个否定词组作主语的超长句。这些结构的套叠使用使得该句非常难懂,也算是极端体现了法律英语的长度和难度。但是只要顺着句子结构去分析,最终会得到正确的理解和翻译。
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