由于历史和文化上的差异，汉英词语之间存在着或显或隐的翻译上的陷阱，导致汉译英远比英译汉易于出错。用鲁迅的话说，就是“词典不离手，冷汗不离身。”这提醒译者必须对这些差异心中有数，再调和这些差异，“摆平”这些差异。为此，要迈好下面八道坎儿，时刻要留心这八条“戒律”。
一戒——“从一而终”
汉语言简意赅，句子灵活，往往是一个汉语词汇对应多个英语词汇，具体到在本句中应该采用那个意象，务必抓住精神实质，不可以不变应万变。至于怎么应变，这就是显示译者功力的地方了。比如：都是“问题”，下面的翻译各不相同。
共同关心的问题 questions of common interest
解决问题 solve a problem
问题的关键 the heart of the matter
关键问题 a key problem
原则问题 a question/matter of principle
悬而未决的问题 an outstanding issue
没有什么问题 without any mishap
摩托车有点问题。 Something is wrong with the motorcycle.
问题不在这里。 That is not the point.
最近揭发出相当严重的贪污、受贿和官僚主义问题。 Serious cases of embezzlement,bribery, and bureaucracy have been brought to light recently.
译者要掌握这种汉英翻译中的“游击战术”，翻译家应是不同“文化王国”边境线上的“游击战略家”。
沙博里将《水浒传》译为：Outlaws of the Marsh (沼泽地上的亡命之徒)；杨宪益译将屈原的《国殇》译为：For Those Fallen for Their Country。这些都是译者吃透了原文的原意而译出的佳作。
二戒——望文生义，机械直译
初学者易于被表面现象所迷惑，对原文表层结构愚忠，做出令人啼笑皆非的事情。例如：
（1） 丝绸，从古至今被誉为纤维皇后，她高贵典雅、雍容华贵，是纺织品中的佼佼者。
译一：Silk has been regarded as the “Queen of all fibers”.Noble and elegant,distinguished and graceful, silk is the best of all fibers.
译二：Silk, which has been regarded as the “Queen of all fibers”, is noble, elegant and luxurious.Silk is the best of all drygoods.
译三：Noble and elegant, silk has always been the Queen of all textile fibers.
译一和译二都属于表层结构对应，不符合译入语的表达习惯，正是所谓的翻译腔的体现；译三则较好地实现了意义对应。再如：
（2）青黄公路项目是用贷款建设的（贷款金额为88亿日元），起点分别为青岛和黄岛，是我国首条由一个城市自行管理的高速公路，公路的建设为青岛经济的发展、黄岛经济技术开发区吸引外资起到了重要作用。
译一：Qinghuang Highway project was finished by using bank loans.The amount was 8.8 billion yen.The highway connected Qingdao and Huangdao.This project is the first highway governed by the city alone, it is most important for the economic development of Qingdao and for the absorption of foreign capital to the economic and technique development zone of Huangdao.
译二：The Qingdao-Huangdao Highway was financed by bank loans amounting to 8.8 billion yen.As the first highway administered by a municipal government in China, it is of most importance for the economic development of Qingdao and in attracting foreign investment to the Huangdao Economic & High-tech Zone.
译三：The Qingdao-Huangdao Highway, financed by bank loans amounting to 8.8 billion yen, is of most importance for the economic development of Qingdao and in attracting foreign investment to the Huangdao Economic & High-tech Zone.
译一和译二都属于表层结构对应，译三则较好地实现了意义对应，因为原文信息“……是我国首条由一个城市自行管理的高速公路”属于冗余信息，不必翻译，读者也不必知道该高速公路的归属于性质。
三戒——“水土不服”，搭配失当
这的确是难度系数较大的问题，它要求译者既有较高的中文修养，又要有较高的英文造诣，一知半解的人常常在此“翻车”。 例如：
白洋淀的导游牌上，“红菱”被硬硬地翻译成“Red Ling”。菱角有对应词的，应改为“Red Water Chestnut”。这里常常有外国人参观，如此翻译，令人汗颜！
下面的译文就较好地照顾到了西方人的思维和理解习惯。
（3） 美国把贸易和人权扯在一起，只会损害两国的经济利益。
The US policy of linking trade with human rights can only bring harm to the economic interests of the two countries.
（4） 关起门来搞建设是不成的，中国的发展离不开世界。
China can’t develop in isolation from the rest of the world.
（5） 中国国际问题研究所所长曲星表示，中俄两国平等相待、相互支持，是处理大国关系的榜样。
The Sino-Russian relationship featuring equality and mutual support stood as an example of relations between major powers, said Qu Xing, head of the China Institute of International Studies.
四戒——主语暗淡
主语是句子的灵魂，定住译文的主语是关键的一步棋。主语定偏了，整个句子将显得松散乏力，甚至会误导读者。
（6）如果这个问题不解决，势必影响两国的利益。
译一：Failure to settle this issue is bound impair the relations between the two countries seriously.
译二：If the problem is not solved , it is sure to affect the interests between the two countries
在上面的两种译文中，显然第一种译文主语选得好，句子流畅。
（7）共同的利益把我们两个伟大的国家连接在一起。
What holds our two great nations together is the cement of common interests.
此句主语部分处理得颇为干练。
（8）英国政府的一项研究发现，如果无法通过脱欧协议，排队等候过检的人可能会多排一英里，因为英国人需要排队接受新蓝色护照的检查。本周，大批乘客也尝到了这一苦果，由于列车运行缓慢，他们排了长达5个小时的队。
A study by the British government has found that queues for the service could stretch for a mile if there is a no-deal Brexit, as Brits wait to get their new blue passports checked.Passengers got a taste of that this week, standing in line for up to five hours because of the go-slow.
五戒——结构单调，组合生硬
由于汉英结构不同，表达方式迥异，“硬性翻译”不仅读起来别扭，而且会闹出笑话。这就要求译者在翻译时灵活使用整合的技巧，将句子整合，凸显汉语中所隐含的层次，补充所缺失的成分。有时要将简单句译成并列句，有时将并列句译成主从句。例如：
（9）每一个人，作为社会的一个成员，有权享受其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的社会、经济、文化权利，这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的，并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。
对于这种比较复杂的中文句子，在正式翻译成英文句子之前，应当按照它的含义，将它划分成不同的部分，以便我们确定英文句子的结构。我首先将这个中文句子划分成6个部分，请特别注意，第4部分嵌套在第3部分中间。
① 每一个人，② 作为社会的一个成员，③ 有权享受（④ 其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的）社会、经济、文化权利，⑤ 这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的，⑥ 并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。
这样划分之后，将第4、5、6部分翻译成三个定语从句，用来修饰第3部分的最后一个单词rights，请看：
① Everyone；② as a member of society；③ is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights；④ which are necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity；⑤ which are realized through national effort and international cooperation；⑥ which are concordant with the organization, resources and situation of each country.
不过，在英语中，通常是一个定语从句修饰一个名词，很少有三个定语从句修饰一个名词，将第4部分改写成一个短语，将第5、6部分合并成一个定语句子，请看：① Everyone；② as a member of society；③ is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights；④ necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity；⑤ which are realized through national effort and international cooperation and concordant with the organization, resources and situation of each country.
最后，将这5个部分组合起来，就是这个中文句子的英文译文。
译一：Everyone, as a member of society, is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity, which are realized through national effort and international cooperation and concordant with the organization, resources and situation of each country.或：
译二：Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
六戒——盲目“愚忠”，不谙增减之道
我们耳熟能详的东西外国人可能会感到一头雾水，译者需要增加必要的说明和补充或者减译。否则，外国人会不知所云。例如：
（10）感谢您提出良好的建议，建议我们每月开一次会议，让全体职工自由讨论企业管理问题。
译一：Thank you for putting forward your splendid suggestion.You suggest us to have a meeting every month, and let all the staffs freely discuss the management of our firm.
译二：Thank you for submitting your splendid suggestion that we should have a meeting every month for all the staffs to freely discuss the management of our firm.
译一机械地复制原文的表层结构，忽略了英语的表达性，不具备可读性；译二则依据英语的习惯对译文做出了适当的调整，符合译入语习惯。
（11）农民增加了对农业的投资，这样就相对减少了国家对农业的直接投资。
译一：The peasants increased their investment in agriculture.This relatively reduced direct investment in agriculture by state.（字字对译）
译二：Increased peasant investment in agriculture means relatively less direct investment in agriculture by the state.（灵活调整）
（12）这个问题不解决，势必严重损害两国之间的关系。
译一：If this problem is not solved, it will surely impair the relations between the two countries seriously.（字字对译）
译二：The failure to settle this issue is bound to impair the relations between the two countries seriously.（灵活调整）
（13）这次交易额大，而目前国际市场又不稳定，除以信用证付款以外，我们不接受别的付款方式。
Since the total amount is so big and the world market is rather unstable at the moment,we cannot accept any other terms of payment than L/C.（增加连词）
（14）我作为公司的地区销售经理，此刻向公司提出辞职，心情十分复杂。
It is with mixed feeling that I submit my resignation as a regional sales manager for our company.
（15）由于您充分信任我的能力，让我担当各种新的工作，我在公司的七年是不断成长和接受挑战的七年。
Because of your confidence in my ability to take on new assignments, my seven years with the company has been a time of growth and challenge.
（16）加快我国城市化进程可以一举两得，一方面可以刺激消费者需求，另一方面可以扩大投资支出。
The acceleration of China’s urbanization will produce the effect of killing two birds with one stone, namely working up consumer demand on the one hand, and boosting investment spending on the other.
（17）世界贸易组织的主要职能是执行和管理多边贸易协议。
The primary function of the World Trade Organization is the implementation and administration of the Plurilateral Trade Agreement.
（18）各民族的手工艺品反映各民族人民在艺术创作方面的聪明才智以及他们对美好生活的憧憬和热爱。
Artifacts of the ethnic peoples are the reflection of their wisdom in art creation, skills of craftsmanship and deep love for life.
（19）农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率低下，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境。
Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.（动词转换为形容词）(www.xing528.com)
（20）我们期待着参观北部庄严肃穆的首都、东部朝气蓬勃的上海、西部气势雄伟的古代兵马俑、四季如春的昆明和面临南海的广州。
We are looking forward to seeing the dignity of the Northern Capital, the vigor of Shanghai in the East, the magnificence of the ancient terracotta warriors in the West, the city of eternal spring—Kunming, and Canton, looking out to the Southern seas.（形容词转换为名词）
（21）申办世博会的成功又为上海增添了新的光彩。
The successful bid to host the 2010 World’s Fair and Exposition is another feather in the cap for Shanghai.
七戒——语句重复、语义重叠
汉语多重复，以强化语气；英语则要尽量避免重复。试比较下列平行译文：
（22）今天的老年人是昨天的劳动者。他们对物质文化的发展做出了许多贡献，理所当然应享受物质文化发展的成果。若全社会都把尊敬老年人看作当代的美德，人们就会有一种安全感。这使得各个年龄层的人都感到他们将来的日子肯定也是愉快的，就会全力以赴地投入工作。
译一：The old people of today are the laborers of yesterday.It goes without saying that they should have a share in the rewards for material and cultural advancements to which they have made many contributions.Society as a whole experiences a sense of security in seeing respect for the elderly upheld as a modern virtue.It ensures people of all generations that their future years will be pleasant and so they commit themselves to present work.
译二：The elderly, as laborers having made great contributions to today’s material and cultural progress, are entitled to share its fruits.Only when holding the elderly in esteem is regarded as a great virtue in modern society, will younger generations feel a sense of security in seeing promise of a good life at old age and commit themselves to their present work.
（23）世界上一些国家发生问题，从根本上说都是因为经济上不去，没有饭吃，没有衣穿，工资增长被通货膨胀抵消，生活水平下降，长期过紧日子。如果经济发展总是停留在低速度，生活水平就很难提高。人民现在为什么拥护我们？就是这15年的发展，发展很明显。假设我们5年不发展，或者低速度发展，例如4%、5%，甚至2%、3%。会产生什么影响？这不只是经济问题，实际上是政治问题。
译一：Fundamentally speaking, the root cause of all problems that arise in some countries lies in their failure to boost their economy.They lack adequate food and clothing, and since wage increases are offset by inflation, living standard decline and consequently severe hardship must be endured for long periods.A prolonged low rate economic development makes it very difficult to raise living standards.Why do our people support us?Because we have achieved progress, indeed remarkable progress, over the past 15 years.Let us suppose that we remain at a standstill for five years, or progress slowly, at, for example, an annual rate of 4-5 even 2-3 percent, what would be the effect?This is actually a political issue.
译二：Most problems in some countries are in nature economic.With wage increase offset by inflation, people there lack adequate food and clothing.With their living standard decreasing, they will have to suffer a lasting hardship.It goes without saying that slow development of economy at low rate would not much improve people’s life.Why do people in our country lend full support to us?Because over the past 15 years we have brought about remarkable economic development and kept improving people’s life.What would have happened if we had failed to boost the economy or developed it at a low annual rate of 4 to 5 even 2 to 3 percent?Economic problems may well give rise to political ones.
八戒——另起炉灶，“红杏出墙”
由于汉英差异的客观存在，比如英语重形合而汉语重意合，英语为前重心而汉语为后重心，英语句子的逻辑表现为主次而汉语表现为并列等，翻译中适当地“偏离”原文是不可避免的，甚至是不可不为的策略。例如：
（24）我们不希望这件事影响中美关系。
China hates to see Sino-US relations damaged by this incident.
（25）中美贸易之所以能迅速发展，根本原因在于两国经济具有极大的互补性。这种互补性，很大程度上来自两国经济资源条件、经济结构以及消费水平存在很大的差异。中国是最大的发展中国家，市场广阔，发展迅速，劳动力成本低，但资金短缺、科技和管理相对落后。
The strong growth in China-US trades fundamentally attributed to the highly complementary nature of the two economies, which, to a large extent, stems from the big differences in their natural resources, economic structures and consumption levels.Being the world’s largest developing country, China has a huge market offering plenty of business opportunities and low labor costs, but it is lacking capital funding, sophisticated technology and advanced managerial expertise.
（26）捷豹路虎（Jaguar Land Rover）的汽车需求下滑，中国市场尤为显著，这导致其2018年第二季度出现亏损。这家汽车制造商宣布了一项削减成本的计划，这可能会导致更多的失业。
A slump in demand for its vehicles, particularly in China, drove Jaguar Land Rover to its second quarterly loss of 2018.The carmaker announced a cost-cutting plan that could lead to more job losses.
（27）IBM表示，将斥资340亿美元收购全球最大的开源软件鼻祖红帽公司（Red Hat），这是软件行业迄今最大的一笔交易。
In the biggest deal to date in the software industry, IBM said it was buying Red Hat, the world’s largest seller of open-source products, for USD 34 billion.
（28）这次收购让IBM进军云计算服务的大联盟，IBM一直以来都努力在这一领域取得成功。
The takeover catapults IBM into the big league of cloud-computing services, a business in which it has struggled to make a mark.
翻译下列长句，注意译文的可接受性和可读性。
1.中国出口厂商受到了金融危机的冲击。许多国家的经济不景气引起消费市场萎缩，货币疲软使购买力下降。有的国家政局不定、经济不稳，贸易保护主义升级，外交摩擦抬头。这些使得出口十分困难。我们必须采取有效措施来对付这种局面。
2.对某一进口商品征收关税时，对价格的直接影响就是把价格提高到加上税额的水平。然而，市场的因素可以缓和这种影响。所以，因关税而引起的最终的商品提价可能低于税额，或与税额相等，或者高于税额。
3.征收关税可能只是为了获得收入。有些发展中国家，财政关税在其政府收入中是很重要的一部分。然而，关税又经常具有保护性质，用来贯彻一项特定的经济政策。
4.必须优化传统的出口商品结构，靠价格和数量竞争的时代已一去不复返了。在当今激烈竞争的世界上，只有以质取胜和改善售前售后服务才能行得通。
5.英联邦成员国认为英国的欧盟成员国身份将能保证欧盟的政策照顾到它们的利益，这是合乎情理的。
花旗中国的业务建立在道德行为的最高标准基础之上并且完全遵守我们公司所适用的相关法律法规。我们积极推动在公司治理、促进银行和金融服务领域公平竞争、保护支持客户权利以及确保员工享有实现事业潜力的培训与职业发展等各个方面建立严格的标准。花旗始终致力于为员工提供最佳的工作环境及通过员工与包括客户在内的众多利益相关群体的接触，不断鼓励员工的职业提升。
Citi China’s business is based on the highest standards of ethical conduct and maintaining full compliance with the laws and regulations that govern our company.We proactively uphold rigorous standards of corporate governance, encourage healthy competition in the banking and financial services industry, support and protect the rights of our customers, and ensure that our people have the training and development they need to fulfill their career potential.Citi is committed to providing the best possible working environment and empowering our people to raise their own high standards when interacting with customers and other key stakeholders in China.
国际贸易词汇（四）
出口信贷 export credit
出口津贴 export subsidy
商品倾销 dumping
外汇倾销 exchange dumping
优惠关税 special preferences
保税仓库 bonded warehouse
贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade
贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade
进口配额制 import quotas
自由贸易区 free trade zone
对外贸易值 value of foreign trade
国际贸易值 value of international trade
普遍优惠制 generalized system of preferences (GSP)
最惠国待遇 most-favored nation treatment (MFNT)
价格术语 trade term (price term)
运费 freight
单价 price
码头费 wharfage
总值 total value
卸货费 landing charges
金额 amount
关税 customs duty
净价 net price
印花税 stamp duty
含佣价 price including commission
港口税 port dues
回佣 return commission
装运港 port of shipment
折扣 discount/allowance
卸货港 port of discharge
批发价 wholesale price
目的港 port of destination
零售价 retail price
现货价格 spot price
期货价格 forward price
现行价格（时价） current price; prevailing price
国际市场价格 world (international) market price
拍卖 auction
寄售 consignment
招标 invitation of tender
投标 submission of tender
代理人 agent
总代理人 general agent
代理协议 agency agreement
累计佣金 accumulative commission
补偿贸易 compensation trade
来料装配 assembling on provided parts
独家经营/专营权 exclusive right
独家经营/包销/代理协议 exclusivity agreement
独家代理 sole agency/sole agent/exclusive agency/exclusive agent
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