衔接是篇章研究中常用的一个概念,一般认为,所有能将篇章中各表层语言成分联系在一起的语言关系都可以称为衔接,包括句子成分之间的依存关系等其他语言关系。按照韩礼德(Halliday)的观点,可以将衔接分为两类:语法衔接和词汇衔接。英语和汉语这两种语言在语法衔接方面的差异主要体现为,英语的语法衔接具有明显的特征,而汉语的语法衔接则接近于隐性。英语的显性衔接主要借助于形态变化和形式词,明显地标明词之间、词语之间、短语之间或小句之间的语法关系。而汉语在构建句子时,更加关注的是隐性衔接,以意统形,少用甚至不用形式手段,靠词语与句子本身意义上的连贯与逻辑顺序实现衔接。虽然两种语言在语法衔接手段上,都用语法手段,但各自所采用的具体方式却有不同。
译者必须注意两种语言在篇章组织结构上的异同。比如,汉语主题显著,而英语主语显著。在汉语篇章中,如果主题十分明确的话,并不一定要在形式上体现出来,或者说可以采用零代词的照应方式。而在相应的英语篇章中,我们则需要重复使用一些代词来充当句子的主语。下面通过一些例句来加以阐明。例如:
(1)男孩哭得心都快碎了,当问及他时,他说饿极了,两天没吃东西了。
The boy who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.
为了体现英语多用连接词表示句际关系的特点,符合英语的形合特征,译文使用了“who, as if, when, that, because”等多个连接成分来理顺上下句的语义关系,使汉语的隐性粘连显形化,从而满足英语的行文要求。尽管这种节外生枝,叠床架屋的构建方式比较烦琐,但作为英语的语篇构建原则译者是必须遵守的。
(2)有人估计,未来十年,美国将有多达 750万个零售业职位消失,部分原因是物流的改善为电子商务带来了新的可能性。
Some estimate that as many as 7.5 million retail jobs will disappear in America over the next decade, in part because of the increased possibilities for e-commerce that better logistics will bring.(逻辑关系变化)
(3) 意大利提议明年的预算赤字目标为2.4%,因此与欧盟委员会发生冲突。由于经济增长乏力,这将导致意大利本就规模庞大的债务占GDP的比重进一步上升。
Italy placed itself on a collision course with the European Commission by proposing a budget deficit of 2.4% for next year.Since economic growth is anaemic, this will result in a further increase in Italy’s already huge debt stock as a proportion of GDP.(词序调整)
(4) 中国的潜在市场同国外的先进技术和资金优势结合起来,就能形成众多的发展机遇和强大的发展活力。
译一:China’s potential market, once combined with foreign advanced technology and capital, will produce many opportunities and great vigor for development.
译二:The combination of China’s potential market with foreign advanced technology and capital will create/produce/generate many opportunities and great vigor for development.
译三:Once China’s potential market is combined with foreign advanced technology and capital, it will produce many opportunities and great vigor for development.
译一是一一对应,也是可以的。译二的主语以“combination”一词巧妙连接两个短语“China’s potential market”和“foreign advanced technology and capital”,使得句子流畅通顺,比译一更能被读者接受。译三将原文的意思稍加加工,即“一旦中国的潜在市场同国外的先进技术和资金优势结合起来,就能形成众多的发展机遇和强大的发展活力”,符合英语逻辑上的表达习惯。
(5) 9月10日是教师节。教师在人们的心目中究竟是什么样子呢?清华附中的小记者走出校门,采访了76位路人。采访发现,83%的人认为老师肩负着培养下一代的重任,是提高全民族文化素质的决定因素,值得尊敬。
译一:Sept.10 is Teachers Day.What is the image of teachers in people’s heart?Little reporters from the middle school attached to Qinghua University walked out of their school gate and interviewed 76 passersby.The interview shows that 83% people think that teachers shoulder the important task of educating the next generation, they are the decisive factor of improving the whole people’s cultural level, and they are worth of being respected.
译二:What’s the teacher’s image?On Teacher’s Day, Sept.10, a group of teenage reporters from the middle school attached to Qinghua University took a poll on the street on seventy six passersby.83% of those surveyed said that teachers should be held in high esteem because they are committed to the shaping of the younger generation, an undertaking crucial to achieving a higher level of education in China.
(6) 1953年,英美两国计划对中国援朝部队使用原子弹,并准备用核武器进攻中国。当这个消息由第三国外交官转告北京时,新中国的领导人深感忧虑,立即做出了建立和发展原子弹和导弹事业的决定。
译一:In 1953, America and England planned to use atomic bombs against Chinese aiding troops in Korea and to attack China with nuclear weapons.When the news was transferred to Beijing from diplomatic sources of a third country, the leaders of new China felt deeply worried and immediately decided to set up and develop atomic bomb and missile cause.
译二:In 1953, when they learned from diplomatic sources of a third country that the United States and Britain were prepared to attack the Chinese troops in Korea with nuclear weapons, the leaders of new China, deeply concerned, decided that China must have its own atomic bombs and missiles.
(7) 有关解决中美贸易争端的谈判将于2019年4月底重启,目的是在4月底签署一项协议。此次谈判的关键之一是制定一个解除双方对对方征收商品关税的时间表。
Talks on resolving the trade dispute between America and China were set to resume, with the aim of signing a deal in late April, 2019.One of the sticking points is a timetable for unraveling the tariffs on goods that each side has imposed on the other.(逻辑关系变化)
(8) 宝马(BMW)表示,预计今年(2019)的年度利润将“远低于”去年。与业内其他公司一样,这家德国汽车制造商也在为推动向电动汽车和自动驾驶汽车过渡的技术投入资金; 该公司本周公布了一项旨在削减企业日常开支的战略。
BMW said it expects annual profit this year (2019) to come in “well below” last year’s.Like others in the industry, the German carmaker is forking out for the technologies that are driving the transition to electric and self-driving vehicles; it unveiled a strategy this week to reduce its overheads.(逻辑关系变化)
(9) 据美国蒸馏酒协会的数据显示,欧盟、中国以及其他国家对美国威士忌征收的关税,导致2018年下半年美国威士忌出口大幅下降。全年出口增长5.1%,出口总额12亿美元,较2017年大幅下降。
Tariffs imposed by the EU, China and others on American whiskey led to a sharp drop in exports in the second half of 2018, according to the Distilled Spirits Council.For the whole year exports rose by 5.1% to USD 1.2 billion, a sharp drop from 2017.
(10)欧盟委员会再次对谷歌开出反垄断罚单,这次是针对其限制第三方网站上的竞争广告商。这笔15亿欧元 (合17亿美元) 的罚款,是欧盟委员会两年内对这家互联网巨头开出的第三笔罚单,罚款总额达83亿欧元。
The European Commission slapped another antitrust fine on Google, this time for restricting rival advertisers on third-party websites; the 1.5 billionn Euros (USD 1.7 billion)penalty is the third the commission has levied on the internet giant within two years, bringing the total to 8.3 billion Euros.
(11)欧元区经济增长在第三季度大幅放缓,同比增长1.7%,而第二季度经济增长为2.2%,通胀率升至2.2%,为2012年12月以来的最高水平。
Economic growth in the euro zone slowed sharply in the third quarter, to 1.7%, year on year, compared with 2.2% in the previous three months.Inflation rose to 2.2%, the highest since December 2012.
(12)尽管欧洲汽车排放标准更加严格,但大众汽车的季度业绩尚可观,净利润增至27亿欧元(合31亿美元)。
Volkswagen also had a good quarter, despite tougher car-emissions standards in Europe,with net profit rising to 2.7 billion Euros (USD 3.1 billion).
汉英翻译中的衔接问题,实质是如何使用语法手段以及词汇手段来表现原文的意义,尤其是如何熟练使用语法衔接手段来表达原文意义。句型方面,译者应注意长短句结合,简单句和复杂句结合,主动、被动句式间杂,陈述、强调、倒装交替。此外,汉语重“意合”,省略连接词;英语重“形合”,逻辑性强,外形完整。翻译时应综合使用各种语法手段,如从句及短语表达次要信息,实现“多枝共干”的句法架构。
翻译下列短文,注意语篇的衔接。
品牌常被认为是西方广告业发展的产物,然而,最早的“品牌”可追溯到中国和埃及的早期文明。数千年前中国制造的陶器上面就有陶器艺人留下的符号或印记,古埃及的壁画上也有身上印有标记的牲畜,这些可能就是历史上最初的“品牌”。
时过境迁,如今美国人有“凯迪拉克”,日本人有“丰田”,德国人有“奔驰”,他们都以自己拥有的优质名牌而骄傲。中国的民族品牌与世界级品牌相比相形失色,这就是我们不可否认、必须面对的现实。随着品牌全球化的到来,国际竞争国内化,洋品牌不断向中国的市场发起攻击。在这种情况下,我们必须回答的一个问题便是:中国品牌如何才能迎战洋品牌呢?
品质是品牌的生命,消费者总是以良好质量的产品为选择对象。中国企业的产品质量忽上忽下,国人难以建立信心,严重影响了品牌的塑造。因此,对于立志迎战洋品牌的民族品牌来说,当务之急就是提升自己的产品品质。企业必须清楚地认识到,产品1%的缺陷,对于买到产品的消费者来说,就是100%的损失。只有创造出超越洋品牌的产品品质,民族品牌才能在竞争中立于不败之地。
雷曼兄弟(Lehman Brothers)昨日公布,公司第二季度收益大增47%,但其股价却大幅下挫,原因是投资者担心波动较大的市场和不断上升的利率,会中止华尔街投行近来利润大增的趋势。这家华尔街投行表示,公司第二季度收益为10亿美元,合每股收益1.69美元,而上年同期的收益为6.83亿美元,合每股1.13美元。该公司固定收益产品交易业务业绩强劲,抵消了债券承销收入大幅下降的负面影响。
Lehman Brothers yesterday reported a 47 percent jump in second-quarter earnings but its shares fell sharply amid investor fears that volatile markets and rising interest rates could cut into Wall Street’s recent run of blockbuster profits.The Wall Street bank said it earned USD 1 billion, or USD 1.69 a share, in the second quarter, up from USD 683 million, or USD 1.13 a share, a year earlier.Strong fixed-income trading results offset a sharp drop in debt-underwriting revenue.
管理学词汇
解散 adjourning
管理原则 administrative principle
善意职业资格审查 bona fide occupation qualifications
标杆瞄准 benchmarking
混沌理论 chaos theory
魅力型领导者 charismatic leaders
凝聚力 cohesiveness
合作型管理 collaborative management
竞争性基准 competitive benchmarking
永久性目标 constancy of purpose
公司社会责任 corporate social responsibility
分权 decentralization
差别报酬系统 differential rate system
动态融合 dynamic engagement
直接交叉 direct interlock
差别化战略 differentiation strategy
二元核心模式 dual-core approach
员工导向型风格 employee-oriented style
企业家精神 entrepreneurship
净资产 equity
公平理论 equity theory
期望理论 expectancy theory
支出预算 expense budget
外部审计 external audit
外部利益相关者励 external stakeholders
伦理巡视官 ethic ombudsperson
外部适应性 external adaption
精细阶段 elaboration stage
创业阶段 entrepreneurial stage
财务报表 financial statement
扁平型结构 flat hierarchies
弹性预算 flexible budget(www.xing528.com)
场力理论 force-field theory
特许经营权 franchise
规范化阶段 formalization stage
职能组合 functional grouping
正式沟通渠道 formal channel of communication
博弈论 game theory
一般财务状况 general financial condition
全球化管理者 geocentric manager
全球战略伙伴关系 global strategic partnership
区域组合 geographic grouping
全球区域结构 global geographic structure
霍桑效应 Hawthorne Effect
启发性原理 heuristic principles
招聘细则 hiring specification
横向联系模型 horizontal linkage model
混合结构 hybrid structure
放任式管理 impoverished management
损益表 income statement
智力企业 intelligent enterprises
内部审计 internal audit
内在报酬 intrinsic reward
库存 inventory
内部整合 internal integration
组织间的关系 interorganization relationship
非正式组织结构 informal organizational structure
非正式业绩评价 informal performance appraisal
职务轮换 job rotation
职务专业化 job specialization
关键业务区 key performance areas
关键绩效区 key result areas
劳动生产力指数 labor productivity index
大批量生产 large batch production
横向沟通 lateral communication
负债 liability
流动性 liquidity
纵向关联技术 long-linked technology
低成本领先 low-cost leadership
目标管理 management by objective
管理方格 Managerial Grid
矩阵主管 matrix bosses
管理倡导者 management champion
物料需求计划 materials-requirements planning (MRP)
马斯洛需求层次论 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
文化多元主义 multiculturalism
多部门公司 multidivisional firm
矩阵结构 matrix structure
跨国公司 multinational enterprise (MNE)
常态理论 meso theory
多国化战略 multidomestic strategy
脱产培训 off-the-job training
在职培训 on-the-job training
运营预算 operational budget
订单储备 order backlog
外延服务 outplacement services
组织生态系统 organization ecosystem
参与式管理 participative management
路径目标模型 path-goal model
业务组合框架 portfolio
收益率 profitability
资产组合投资 portfolio investment
程序化决策 programmed decisions
理性决策模式 rational model of decision making
实际工作预览 realistic job preview
战略伙伴关系 strategic partnering
系统边界 system boundary
结构性维度 structure dimension
自我管理型团队 self-directed team specialist
任务型管理 task management
全面质量管理 total quality management
可变成本 variable costs
纵向沟通 vertical communication
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