英语句子的特点是强调形式和功能，因而英语的句法特征是形合

（接上一单元）

我们知道汉语句子特点是“以意统形”。因而汉语的句法特征是意合（parataxis），强调逻辑关联与意义关联而不在意词语之间和句际之间的形式衔接。英语句子的特点是强调形式和功能，因而英语的句法特征是形合（hypotaxis）。句子成分成分之间的关系要求用形式标记表明。英语名词的性、数、格，谓语动词的时态和语态，主句与从句之间的关系代词、关系副词和连词，都行使其语法功能并起着纽带作用，将句子各成分衔接在一起。请看下例：

（13）① 我常见许多青年朋友，② 聪明用功，③ 成绩优异，④ 而语文程度不足以达意，⑤ 甚至写一封信都亦难得通顺，⑥ 问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。（梁实秋《学问与趣味》）

上例中，①是话题，②-⑥描述“青年的朋友”的特点，②③是他们的优点，④⑤是他们的缺点，尤其是⑤，与②③形成极强的反差，“青年的朋友”的特点引起作者的忧虑，于是自然地过渡到⑥。从语法结构来考虑，②③④⑤的逻辑主语毫无疑问是“（他们）青年的朋友”，⑥的逻辑主语是“我”。尽管“他们”和“我”都未出现，但原文的意义十分清楚，反映作者清晰的思路，汉语读者能完全理解。倘若完全按原文的句法特征将其译为英文，可能是：

① I have come across a great many young friends,② bright and diligent,③ do exceedingly well in studies, ④ but they are rather weak in Chinese,⑤ even can’t write a smooth Chinese letter.⑥ When asked why, they’ll say they are not interested in Chinese.

这样的译文是英语病句，②是形容词词组，③是动词短语，它们不能缺乏任何语法关联而并列于此。③作为 young friends的修饰成分，不应该以这种形式置于其后。⑤没有主语。⑥的时态与①的时态不一致，应该用过去时，它是指作者“曾经”问过青年朋友为何语文差。“when asked”似乎符合原文简洁的特点“问其故”，但“asked”在该句中是被动语态，省略的主语是they (young friends)，而此从句的主语应该是“I”。

请看张培基先生的译文：

I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese.They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese.When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language.

将②这一形容词组来修饰“young friends”，将③与④结合起来作定语从句后置，仍然修饰“young friends”，行文就顺了，原意的表达也清楚了。将⑤单独成句以强调这些成绩优异的青年的缺点，正是作者的本意。添加“who”等词非常必要，能使译文形合意顺，符合英语表达习惯。

英语的从句前必须根据其语法功能用when、where、who、that、as等表示关联词将其与主句连接起来，汉语不重视这种形式衔接，更注重语义单位连贯，这是汉族人重视整体、重综合思维方式的一种表现，也是汉语语法隐含性（covertness）的一种表示。

由于汉语重意合，英语重形合；汉语是主题显著语言，不在意主语，英语是主语显著语言，主语是一句之“主”，不可或缺。又由于中国人的思维方式较隐含曲折，英美人的思维方式较简单直接，汉语中常出现零式指称（zero-anaphoric）现象，英译时往往需要增补主语或其他词以明朗照应关系。 例如：

（14）美国贸易代表罗伯特·佐利克对与会者说：“我相信随着新世纪时间的推移，当人们回顾今天的时候，他们一定会认为允许中国加入世贸组织是加强全球经济贸易体系的一个关键性的举措。”

“I believe that as this century unfolds and people look back on this day, they will conclude that in admitting China to the WTO we took a decisive step in strengthening the global economic trading system,” US Trade Representative Robert Zoellick told the meeting.

（15）《中国广告法》修订建议的重点之一就是要让明星代言人要对他们所代言的产品担负更多的责任。这些修订是为了加强对名人代言和名人广告的管控。

译一：One of the highlights of the proposed changes to Chinese Advertisement Law includes making celebrity spokespersons more responsible for the endorsement deals they take on.These changes were made to strengthen controls over celebrity endorsements and advertising.

译二：One key point of the amendment suggestions is to make endorsement celebrities be more accountable for products, whose aim is to reinforce the regulations of celebrity endorsements and advertisements.

译三：One of the key points in the revised edition of China’s Advertising Law is to urge those endorsers to take more responsibilities for the products they represent, which is to strengthen the regulation of celebrity endorsement and advertisement.

译四：More responsibilities should be taken by the celebrities who endorse specific products, which is one of the most important intentions of the amendments aiming at strengthening control over celebrity endorsements and advertising of China’s Advertising Law.

（16）尽管美国需求疲软导致了短期美元利率急剧下跌，也导致商品价格约下跌了6%，世界贸易增长率下跌了3%，但对于发展中国家的影响是积极的。

Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 percent in commodity prices and to a slackening，to 3 percent，in the growth of world trade.

（17）如果课程完全背离学术共识，那也会显得很奇怪；毋庸置疑，主流的经济学理论必须赶上学生的脚步。

It would be odd if curricula departed radically from the academic consensus.But perhaps mainstream theory must catch up with its students.

（18）1997—1998年亚洲金融危机之后，大部分政府采取了浮动汇率制度。但许多中央银行继续以美元来确定自己的核心汇率，持有美元对于调整货币流动是绝对必要的。

译一：Having been affected by Asian financial crisis, the majority of governments implemented floating exchange rate system after 1997-1998.Nonetheless, holding US dollar was absolutely essential for adjusting currency circulation, in which case numerous central banks continued to use it with an aim to fix core exchange rate.

译二：The adoption of the floating exchange rate system by the majority of governments after the financial crisis happening in Asia from 1997 to 1998 is essential for many central banks to adjust the currency flow owing against US dollars.

译三：Floating rate was adopted by most governments after Asia Financial Crisis(1997-1998), while numerous central banks still set their main exchange rates by US dollars，which is absolutely necessary for adjusting currency movements.

（19）各种急于提供新型移动宽带服务的公司将会进一步改进现状。不仅仅船和飞机越来越容易被实时跟踪，甚至它们内部的单个包裹和集装箱也一样。

Various companies rushing to provide new mobile-broadband services will improve things further.Not just ships and planes, but the individual packages and containers within them, can increasingly be tracked in real time.

（20）自动化可能意味着递送给定数量物品所需的人数将减少三分之一，但需求的增长仍将使该行业的工作岗位实现净增长。

Automation may mean it will soon take a third fewer people to deliver a given volume of goods, but the increase in demand will still make the industry a net job creator.

（21）也许在这方面走得最远的是阿里巴巴。阿里巴巴是把买家和卖家带到一起的数字平台，而不是拥有库存的零售商。因此，它始终专注于端到端的物流，这一点和亚马逊大为不同，因为后者的大部分业务运作时都是利用普通渠道把货物送到仓库。

Perhaps the furthest down the road in this respect is Alibaba, which is a digital platform where buyers and sellers meet, rather than a retailer that holds inventory itself.It has thus always been focused on end-to-end logistics in a way that Amazon, which runs most of its business through warehouses to which goods are delivered by normal channels, is not.

（22）福特和大众成立了一个联盟，两家公司可以合作生产面向全球市场的皮卡和面向欧洲的商用面包车。

Ford and Volkswagen launched an alliance，through which they will work together on making pickup trucks for the global market and commercial vans in Europe.

（23）华为创始人兼总裁任正非否认这家中国电信设备制造商对其他国家构成安全威胁，并坚称中国政府从未要求华为在网络系统中安装“后门”。

Ren Zhengfei, the founder and president of Huawei, denied that the Chinese maker of telecoms equipment posed a security threat to other countries, asserting that China does not require it to install “back doors” into network systems.

（24）中国贸易数据逊于预期，这加剧了人们对中国经济放缓的担忧。

Worse-than-expected trade data from China accentuated concerns about the country’s economic slowdown.

（25）2018年，中国轿车销量自1990年以来首次下降，打破了汽车业的增长预期。

Sales of passenger cars in China fell last year for the first time since 1990, puncturing the growth forecasts of the car industry.

（26）尽管2018年开局强劲，但过去12个月轿车总销量下降了4.1%，部分原因是人民币走软以及2017年底取消税收减免。

Despite a strong start to 2018, overall sales of passenger vehicles dropped by 4.1% over the 12 months, dragged down in part by a weaker yuan and the withdrawal of a tax break in late 2017.

通过上述汉英衔接手段的比较，可以看出两种语言的篇章衔接手段有同有异。汉译英需做适当调整，才能使译文再现原文的逻辑与语义关系，取得文从字顺的效果。

A.试译下列句子。

1.如果在一年内符合各种使用规定，就可更换。

2.雇佣方必须确保每个岗位雇佣的是最好、最适合的职员，以把人事变动率降到最低。

3.如果某批货是部分受损，我们称之为“单独海损”。

4.新政府计划建立关税壁垒以抵制舶来品。

5.这个经济学派提出了关于赤字开支效应的新经济学理论。

6.在一个工业飞速发展的城市里，土地资源非常宝贵，不能任意地用于交通。

B.将下列段落译成英语。

众所周知，世界贸易组织是唯一制定国家之间法规的国际组织，其主要功能是确保国际贸易的顺利进行。世界贸易组织的决策通常是由全体成员国一致同意并由成员国议会批准生效。贸易摩擦由世界贸易组织协调解决，主要解决签订的协议和应尽的义务，并且确保成员国遵守相应的贸易政策。这样，大大减少了由纠纷发展成的政治上或军事上的冲突的危险性。通过降低贸易壁垒，世界贸易组织拆除了各民族、各国家间的其它壁垒。世界贸易组织的核心——多边贸易体系——是由世界上大多数贸易国经协商谈判并签署的多个协议，这些协议同时也经过成员国议会批准生效。这些协议是国际商业的基本准则。就其本质而言，这些协议主要是确保成员国重要贸易权利的合约。他们还制约政府间在预先约定的范围内为了各自的利益而执行相应的贸易政策。这些协议是由政府间协商并签署的。其目的是帮助生产商、服务机构、出口商、进口商更好地进行贸易，借以提高成员国人民的福利水平。

中国和印度大力投资商业教育的项目，诸如欧洲工商管理学院（INSEAD）和麻省理工学院（MIT）等著名高校在亚洲开设特许授权学院。欧洲工商管理学院（INSEAD）院长迪帕克·詹恩（Dipak Jain）认为优秀的西方学校至少在20年内仍然存在优势。但是商学院的案例研究由于公司没有意识到海外市场的快速增长而大打折扣。

亚洲的商学院还有很长的路要走。《经济学人》目前评估的世界排名前100个商学院中，亚洲的只占8席。这8所学校中，中国只有中欧国际工商学院这一所。该学校的校区分布在北京、上海、和深圳。印度也只有印度阿默达巴德管理学院（IIM-A）这一所学校在榜。

在中国，全国经认可的184个学校的MBA专业每年招收超过3万学生，商学院缺乏优秀的教师仍然是个问题。长春理工大学的马海勇说，这些学生中很多来自工科和理科，很少有人具有商业实战经验。确实，很多情况下，学校禁止学生从事校外的商业活动。

China and India are furiously investing in business education programmes; brand-name schools such as INSEAD and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) are opening franchises in Asia.Dipak Jain, the dean of INSEAD, believes that strong Western schools might still have an advantage for as much as 20 years.But business-school case studies are littered with companies that didn’t appreciate how fast overseas capacity was growing.

Asian business schools still have a long way to grow.The Economist currently ranks just eight of them among the world’s top 100.Of these, only one, the China Europe International Business School, can be found in China; it has campuses in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen.India, too, has only one: the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad (IIM-A).

In China, where more than 30,000 MBA students are enrolled in the country’s 184 state-approved programmes, the lack of good business-school teachers remains a problem.Haiyong Ma, of the Changchun University of Science and Technology, says that many are drawn from disciplines such as engineering or the sciences and few have any real-world experience of business.Indeed, in many cases the universities ban them from pursuing outside business interests.

国际贸易词汇（一）

国际市场价格 world/international market price

离岸价 FOB (free on board)

成本加运费价 C&F (cost and freight)

到岸价 CIF (cost, insurance and freight)

运费 freight

码头费 wharf age(www.xing528.com)

卸货费 landing charges

关税 customs duty

港口税 port dues

进口附加税 import surcharge

进口差价税 import variable duties

佣金 commission

含佣价 price including commission

现货价格 spot price

现行价格/时价 current price

参考价格 indicative price

海关估价 customs valuation

一切险 All Risks

平安险 F.P.A.(Free from Particular Average)

水渍险 W.A./W.P.A (With Average or With Particular Average)

淡水雨淋险 F.W.R.D.(Fresh Water Rain Damage)

混杂、玷污险 Risk of Intermixture and Contamination

渗漏险 Risk of Leakage

串味险 Risk of Odor

锈蚀险 Risk of Rust

短缺险 Shortage Risk

偷窃提货不着险 T.P.N.D.(Theft, Pilferage & Non-delivery)

国际货币基金组织 IMF (International Monetary Fund)

货币贸易理事会 CTG (Council for Trade in Goods)

欧洲自由贸易联盟 EFTA (European Free Trade Association)

东盟自由贸易区 AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area)

中美商贸联委会 JCCT (China-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade)

北美自由贸易区 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area)

联合国贸易与发展会议 UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)

关贸总协定 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

销售渠道 distribution channels

分期付款购买 hire-purchase

海关担保 customs bond

三角债 chain debts

货运代理 freight forwarder

商业纠纷调解 mediation of dispute

贸易管制 restraint of trade

区域贸易安排 RTA (Regional Trade Arrangements)

贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade

贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade

优惠关税 special preferences

关税壁垒 tariff barrier

出口退税 tax rebate

技术性贸易壁垒 TBT (technical barriers to trade)

国内贸易 inland trade/home trade/domestic trade

国际贸易 international trade

对外贸易 foreign trade/external trade

进口许可证 import license

出口许可证 export license

交易 commercial transaction

正式/完整申报 make a complete entry

坏账 bad account

提单 bill of Lading

海运提单 marine bills of lading

托运单 shipping order

承运货物收据 cargo receipt

有问题的货物 condemned goods

清关 customs liquidation

结关 customs clearance

贸易伙伴 trade partner

中间商，经纪人 middleman

特许权获得者 licensed dealer

承运人 carrier

收货人 consignee