经济社会的基本问题是在社会成员中作资源分配，以便最大限度地提高整个社会的福利。要达到这种福利指标，必须使每一种资源都能最有效地发挥其对社会的作用。但是由什么机构来设法实现这个指标呢？在计划经济社会里是由中央计划机构来制定资源分配计划的。在市场经济社会里，则是由物价制度来决定资源的分配。这就是说，价格在决定资源应如何加以利用方面起着指导作用。因此，价格影响着收入，也影响着消费行为。对商家来说，利润取决于收益和成本之间的差额；而收益又是由售出产品的单位价格乘以销售数量的积来决定的。对某一收入水平的消费者来说，他要买什么东西，每种东西各买多少，也都受价格的制约。在市场经济里价格的变动也起着重要的作用。当某一种产品或劳务的需要量大于可供量时，买主们会把价格抬高。另一方面，如果可供量大于需要量的话，就会迫使价格下跌和产量下降。
1.最大限度地提高整个社会的福利 to maximize the welfare of the society as a whole
2.计划经济 planned economy, 指社会主义国家现存的经济类型。这种经济中的经济活动由中央计划和指导，而不是取决于私人企业和价格体系。
3.“……而收益又是由售出产品的单位价格乘以销售数量的积来决定的”可译为“...and their revenues are determined by multiplying price per unit sold by the number of units sold.”
4.把价格抬高 bid up(www.xing528.com)
例如：We don’t think buyers will bid a higher price.我们认为买主不会出更高价格的。
The Role of Price
The basic problem of an economic society is to allocate resources among the members of the society so as to maximize the welfare of the society as a whole.To achieve this welfare objective each resource should be used to perform the function that it contributes most efficiently to society.But what is the mechanism which seeks to achieve this objective?In a planned economy the central planning agency develops plans for allocating resources.In a market economy the price system allocates resources.That’s to say, pricing plays a leading part in how to utilize resources.Thus, prices affect incomes and spending behaviour.For business people, profits are determined by the difference between their revenues and their costs; and their revenues are determined by multiplying price per unit sold by the number of units sold.For the consumer with a given income level, prices influence what to buy and how much of each product to buy.Price changes also play a major role in a market economy.When demand for a product or service is greater than the supply available, buyers bid the price up.On the other hand, if available supply is greater than demand there are pressures to decrease prices and reduce output.
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