(接上一单元)
2.主语必须符合英美人的思维视角
由于中国文化中具有强烈的天人合一的观念,中国人在表达思想时十分注意主体意识,常以有生命的、具体的名词或代词作主语,多用主动语态和无主句。相反,英语喜欢使用没有生命的抽象名词做主语,因此,汉译英时常常需要译者做出正确的选择,即在无灵(inanimate)主语与有灵(animate)主语之间切换。试比较:
(11)该公司二季度共出口各种重型设备39台(件、套),赚取外汇总计260万美元。
译一:In the second quarter this year, the company sold 39 heavy duty equipment pieces worth a total of USD 2.6 million.
译二:The export of 39 heavy-duty equipment pieces in the second quarter this year has earned the company a total of USD 2.6 million in foreign exchange.
译三:The second quarter this year has seen the export of 39 heavy-duty equipment pieces, earning the company a total of USD 2.6 million in foreign exchange.
译一属于机械对应,译二和译三都对译文主语做了相应调整,使得译文极具可读性,契合了目的语的表达习惯。
(12)中国的潜在市场同国外的先进技术和资金优势结合起来,就能形成众多的发展机遇和强大的发展活力。
译一:China’s potential market, once combined with foreign advanced technology and capital, will produce many opportunities and great vigor for development.
译二:The combination of China’s potential market with foreign advanced technology and capital will create/produce/generate many opportunities and great vigor for development.
译三:Once China’s potential market is combined with foreign advanced technology and capital, it will produce many opportunities and great vigor for development.
译一是一一对应,也是可以的。译二的主语以“combination”一词巧妙连接两个短语“China’s potential market”和“foreign advanced technology and capital”,使得句子流畅通顺,比译一更能被读者接受。译三将原文的意思稍加加工,即“一旦中国的潜在市场同国外的先进技术和资金优势结合起来,就能形成众多的发展机遇和强大的发展活力”,符合英语逻辑上的表达习惯。
(13)三十年的实践已经充分证明,我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的,信念是坚定的,步骤是稳妥的,方式是渐进的,取得的成就是巨大的。
译一:The practice in the past 30 years has eloquently proved that the direction of our reform and opening-up is right, our conviction is firm, our steps are steady, our approach is gradual and our achievements are huge.
译二:The practice in the past 30 years has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening-up and have achieved tremendous success.
句子的主语是“实践”,谓语是“证明”,但是句子的宾语从句中的主语是“方向、信念、步骤、方式和成就”,译一逐一翻译成宾语从句的主语,译二确定主语为“we”,而“方向、信念、步骤、方式”译为了不同的状语,译文言简意赅,语气强烈,通顺流畅,朗朗上口。
(14)如果双方要对抗,我们可以找很多麻烦,制造很多人为障碍。
译一:Should the two sides go in for confrontation, we will be able to find out a lot of trouble and create many man-made obstacles.
译二:Should one want confrontation, one can always create trouble and set up obstacles.
译一基本可以接受,而译二的主语以“one”来代替“双方,我们”,只翻译出句子的精华,没有过多拘泥于句子的表面形式,更简洁。
3.主语必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯
从语法角度看,汉语的主谓搭配习惯和英语的主谓搭配习惯不尽相同。汉语中的语语有时在英语的句子里不适合做英语的主语,因此这时要加以调整。
(15)我们的事业从胜利走向新的胜利。
译一:Our cause has won victories one after another.(×)
译二:We have won one victory after another for our cause.
译三:A series of victories have been won for our cause.
(16)任何新生事物的成长都要经过艰难曲折的。
Any emerging thing is bound to experience difficulties and setbacks before it reaches maturity.
(17)读书可以增长知识。
译一:Reading can acquire knowledge.(×)
译二:Through reading one can acquire knowledge.
译一:Religion must not interfere with politics.(×)
译二:It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion.
(19)汉字在历史上有过不可磨灭的功绩。
译一:Chinese characters have made indelible contributions in history.(×)
译二:The system of Chinese character has played an invaluable role in our history.
4.主语必须符合行文连贯的需要
作为句子“龙头”的主语在连词成句、连句成篇、承上启下的过程中起着举足轻重的作用。因此选择译文的主语,还要考虑一个连贯一致的因素。为了保持连贯,英语往往通过避免重复原词,更多地使用照应和替代的方式来衔接上下文。汉语当中没有这样的要求,相邻几句的主语可以不一样,大量流水句的存在便是这种特点的体现。
(20)语言这东西不是随便可以学好的,非下苦功不可。
The mastery of language is not easy and require painstaking effort.
(21)中国迅速崛起为亚太地区最具实力的经济强国之一,吸引了越来越多的海外商业和金融巨头来华投资
China’s rise as one of the strongest economic powers in the Asian-Pacific region has attracted a growing number of the business and financial giants in our country to invest in China.
分析:原文主语为“中国”,译文转化为“China’s rise”, 由具体名词变为抽象名词,非常合理,可读性很强。
(22)随着经济实力的增加,中国在继续“引进来”的同时,也开始稳步地“走出去”,为繁荣世界经济做出了贡献。
The increased strength has enabled China, while continuing to introduce foreign technologies, to start her venturing out and contributing our own share to the global prosperity.
分析:如同上一个例句,本句汉语主语为“中国”,译文转化为“the increased strength”,同样转化为抽象名词作主语。
(23)兹定于11月10日(星期五)上午9点在六楼会议室召开员工大会。会议将持续一个半小时,议程见附件。如有其他议题,请在10月28日前告知。
The staff meeting will be held at 9:00 am on Friday, November 10th at the Conference Hall on the sixth floor.It’s expected that the meeting will last one and a half hours; please find the agenda in the attached file.If you have anything else you think should be addressed, please let me know no later than October 28th.
分析:汉语的无主句一般可以考虑译成英语的被动语态,这样读来更地道。
A.试译下列句子。
1.本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于12月15日,你方需将货物装船。
2.对方有异议的,可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构确认解除合同效力。
3.在成交前,买方不得用任何形式将该物业或此合约之权益转让或售予第三者。
4.有关方在平等互利基础上为发展业务按下列条件签订本协议。
5.除非在考虑各种情况之后认为该要求不合理,凡发现货物与合同规定要求不符,买方可要求卖方以修理方式补救与合同不符之处。(www.xing528.com)
6.本协议中的任何内容都不应被解释为转让本协议所含设备的专利或版权,所有这些权利均明确归其真正的合法所有人所有。
B.试译下列短文。
世界贸易组织(WTO)发布了2018年全球贸易增长预测,增幅为3%,远低于WTO在9月份预测的3.9%。预计,今年的贸易增长将下降到2.6%。该组织将此归咎于关税和相关的报复性措施,而发达国家经济增长放缓、市场动荡和货币政策收紧也难脱干系。该组织警告各国政府,如果忘记以规则为基础的贸易体系的“根本重要性”,这将是一个“历史性错误”。
如果卖方未能按时发运全部或部分货物,买方有权取消本合同;如果买方未能在规定的天数内支付合同要求的款项,卖方有权取消本合同。如果合同的一方向对方发出将不再或无法履行合同的通知,收到通知的一方有权取消合同。为使取消合同的行为生效,寻求取消的一方应通知另一方。收到该通知之日便是合同取消之日。
合同的修改必须以书面形式确立并经各方或其授权代表签字。如果一方放弃了某项对违约的索赔权,这种放弃并不影响该合同方对随后的违约行为行使合同权利。
The Buyer has a right to cancel this Agreement if the Seller fails to ship all or any of the Goods on time.The Seller has a right to cancel this Agreement if the Buyer fails to make any payment required by this Agreement within days of its clue date.If either party notifies the other party that it will not, or is unable to, perform this Agreement, the party receiving notice is entitled to cancel the Agreement.
All modifications of this Agreement must be in writing and signed by the parties or their authorized agents.If a party waives any of its rights under this Agreement to make a claim for breach, that waiver will have no effect with regard to the party’s right to enforce the Agreement as to any subsequent breach.
商务合同词汇
许可授予 grant of license
价格与支付 price and payment
技术资料 technical documentation
技术服务与技术培训 technical service and technical training
验收考核 acceptance test
保证与索赔 grantee and claim
侵权赔偿 indemnity against infringement
解除合同 termination
保密 confidentiality
改进与回收 improvement and grant-back
税费 taxes and duties
不可抗拒力 force majeure
仲裁 arbitration
合同的效力 effectiveness of the contract
合同条款 contract terms; contract clause
合同规定 contract provisions/stipulations
合同期限 contract period; contract term
合同有效期 contract life
在合同中予以规定 to be stipulated in the contract
在合同中列明 to be laid down in the contract
易混淆词语列举
1.shipping advice与shipping instructions
shipping advice是“装运通知”,是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而shipping instructions则是“装运须知”,是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分 vendor(卖主)与vendee(买主),consignor(发货人)与 consignee(收货人)。上述这三对词语在英译时极易发生笔误。
2.abide by与comply with
abide by与comply with 都有“遵守”的意思,但是当主语是“人”时,英译“遵守”须用abide by。当主语是非人称时,则用 comply with。例:
双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。
Both parties shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.
3.change A to B与change A into B
英译“把A改为B”用change A to B,英译“把A折合成/兑换成B”用change A into B,两者不可混淆。例:
Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi.
4.ex与per
源自拉丁语的介词ex与per有各自不同的含义。英译由某轮船“运来”的货物时用ex, 由某轮船“运走”的货物用per,而由某轮船“承运”用by。例:
由“维多利亚”货轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于10月1日抵达伦敦。
The last batch per/ex/by S.S.“Victoria” will arrive at London on October (S.S.=Steamship)
5.in与after
当英译“多少天之后”的时间时,往往是指“多少天之后”的确切的一天,所以必须用介词in,而不能用after,因为介词after指的是“多少天之后”的不确切的任何一天。例:
该货于11月10日由“东风”轮运出,140天后抵达鹿特丹港。
The good shall be shipped per M.V.“Dong Feng” on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rottedaml in 140 days.(M.V.= motor vessel)
6.on/upon 与 after
当英译“……到后,就……”时,用介词on/upon,而不用after,因为after表示“之后”的时间不明确。例:
发票货值须货到支付。
The invoice value is to be paid on/upon arrival of the goods.
7.by与before
当英译终止时间时,比如“在某月某日之前”,如果包括所写日期时,就用介词 by;如果不包括所写日期,即指到所写日期的前一天为止,就要用介词before。例:
卖方须在6月15日前将货交给买方。
The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.(before June 15,说明含6月15日在内。如果不含6月15日,就译为by June 14或者before June 14。)
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