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确定主语的技巧与方法

时间:2023-06-06 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:The risk of loss or of damage to the goods, as well as the obligation to bear the costs relating to the goods, passes from the seller to the buyer when the seller has fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods.添加主语是无主句翻译的一个方法,这里添加的主语不能由原句中的其他成分来充当,是译者根据汉语意思推导出的逻辑主语,是英语完整表达中不可或缺的部分。A series of preferential policies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital.分析:汉语中用地名、时间、工具作主语很普遍。

确定主语的技巧与方法

汉英翻译中如何确定主语是一大难点,也是决定译文优劣的关键一步。因此,在汉译英时一定要注意原文的主语未必就一定还是译文的主语。译者应注意以下三个方面的问题。

一、汉英句子结构的差异

汉文化重意念,汉语句子也建构在意念主轴上,句子强调的是意义,而不是结构。有些句法问题至今连语法学家也莫衷一是。汉语中有许多无主句;还有的句子主语不明显,但意义一目了然。

在主谓关系上,汉语句子的主语和谓语只要求语义上一致,无须在形式上呼应(譬如,没有人称和数的一致),处在主语位置的词并不定是谓语动词的逻辑施动者。在很多情况下二者是主题(topic)与述题(comment)的关系。汉语主题结构在汉民族的语感中是正常词序,主题语在结构上属结构性前置,主题句是汉语的常态。现代汉语中主题句的使用频率相当高。现代汉语在很大程度上是以主题为主的语言。正因为汉语的这些特点,有人将汉语划归为“注重主题的语言”(topic-prominent language)。

与汉语不同,英语句子构建在形式(或称主谓)主轴上,强调句子结构完整,逻辑严密。绝大多数英语句子需要主语和谓语。英语属于“注重主语的语言”(subject-prominent language),主语在句中占有非常重要的地位,是突出阐述的对象。而且,英语的主语和谓语之间有很多严格的相互制约的语法规范。

二、主语的选择

鉴于汉语主语的句法功能弱,而英语主语句法功能强,汉译英时寻找合适的主语便格外重要。汉语重意念,寻找主语时应先理解全句的意思,然后找出话题,抑或用英语中的对等词语、抑或易词而译、抑或补充主语,有时还需要考虑与上下文的呼应与衔接。

1.主语必须是句中应该突出的信息

一般说来,无论汉语原句是典型的主题−述题结构,还是与英语类似的主-动-宾结构,假如直接把原文的主题或主语取作主语后,译文显得生硬,句子结构不平衡,或者与上下文在语气上不连贯的话,那么就要设法把原文的其他成分,也许是名词、形容词副词或动词,取作译文的主语。在汉语中有大量的无主句,而英语句子常常必须有主语。有时找不到表示事物或人的名词或代词作主语,则用“it”作形式主语,这是汉语重意念、英语重形式的表现。在表示时间、天气、距离或度量等概念时,这种思维方式的差异十分突出。例如:

(1)改革开放胆子要大一些,要敢于试验。

We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned.

(2)当卖方完成了运输货物的责任,货物的丢失或损坏,以及承受与货物相关的费用的责任便从卖方转移到买方。

The risk of loss or of damage to the goods, as well as the obligation to bear the costs relating to the goods, passes from the seller to the buyer when the seller has fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods.

添加主语是无主句翻译的一个方法,这里添加的主语不能由原句中的其他成分来充当,是译者根据汉语意思推导出的逻辑主语,是英语完整表达中不可或缺的部分。但并非所有的汉语无主句在英译时都需要增补主语。

由于英汉两种语言对主语的不同要求,就是原文的句子有主语,也不完全可以在英译文中用来作相同的主语。也就是说,汉语句子中的主语不一定都适合做英语句子的主语。英语强调句子的重要住处应放在主要的位置上—主语位置上,而汉语没有这方面的要求。

(3)中国______公司和______国(或地区)______公司,根据中华人民共和国有关法律法规的规定,本着“平等互利”的原则,通过友好协商,同意在中华人民共和国______省______市,共同举办合作经营企业,特订立本合同。

In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures and other relevant Chinese laws and regulations, ______Company and ______ Company, in accordance with the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultations, agree to jointly set up a cooperative venture in______, People’s Republic China.

从这个例子中可以看出,在翻译中,要注意句子的信息主语,不要随便添加主语。如感到宾语是重要信息,可通过用被动结构等,让句子重要的信息放到主语的位置上。

(4)到去年年底,上海已与好几个国家签订了建造拉索桥的合同协议。

By the end of last year, contracts or agreements were signed with some countries for the construction of chain bridges of Shanghai.

(5)上海采取了一系列的优惠政策来吸引外资。

A series of preferential policies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital.

分析:汉语中用地名、时间、工具作主语很普遍。如:“昨晚抓住了三个小偷”,“一把菜刀闹革命”,“校园东头盖了一栋房”。而英语中由于它们不是主要消息,往往处理成状语。同时,译文句子由汉语的主动语态变成相应的英语被动语态

(6)为了防止汇率风险,稳定进出口贸易(包括其他对外经济活动)成本,开展即期和远期外汇买卖业务,特制定本规定。

The present regulations are formulated in order to guard against the risks of foreign exchange rate, stabilize the costs of import and export trade (including other foreign economic activities) and develop the businesses of buy and sale of spot and forward foreign exchange.

(7)早前就有人预计美国会宣布,今后所有比智能手机大的电子产品,如平板电脑笔记本电脑,将必须办理托运。

America had been expected to announce that all electronic gadgets larger than a smartphone, such as tablets and laptops, would henceforth have to be put in hold luggage.

(8)财政压力减少,工资上涨再加上廉价的天然气,这使得旅客们又开始了花大价钱购买房车

Buoyed by cheap financing, rising wages and inexpensive gas, travellers are once again splurging on big-ticket camper vans.

(9)美国是房车的起源地,而且世界上超过三分之二的房车是美国制造;去年,房车在全国销售额猛增至43万台,创四十年新高。

RVs are a quintessentially American invention: more than two-thirds are made in the United States; nationally, sales surged to 430,000 units last year, a 40-year high.

(10)一些顾客对苹果其他老款产品的热情已渐渐减弱,各机型的iPad便是其中一例,并且其新款产品依然在一些专营市场发售。

Enthusiasm has waned for some of its other older products, such as iPads, and its newer ones remain niche offerings.

翻译下列句子,注意确定适当的主语。

1.长久以来,我一直认为,在不太遥远的将来,中国经济成为世界最大经济体几乎是不可避免的。如今我比以往更相信这个预测是正确的。

2.1997—1998年亚洲金融危机之后,大部分政府采取了浮动汇率制度。但许多中央银行继续以美元来确定自己的核心汇率,持有美元对于调整货币流动是绝对必要的。

3.必须先解决经济中的实际瓶颈问题,才能引进更多的国外技术。

4.《中国广告法》修订建议的重点之一就是要让明星代言人要对他们所代言的产品担负更多的责任。这些修订是为了加强对名人代言和名人广告的管控。

5.需要生产更多的产品以创造更多的就业机会和利润

抖音、腾讯之争

两个中国热门app之间的公开口水战有一种小朋友之间斗舞的感觉。抖音在其微信公众号中发布了一篇名为《抖音的朋友们,对不起》的文章,指责该移动信息服务应用屏蔽抖音最火爆的视频链接。微信母公司腾讯反击称“抖音是戏精”,腾讯表示屏蔽抖音视频是因为其视频内容“不宜”。6月1日,腾讯起诉抖音母公司,索赔人民币1元(15美分),并要求公司在自家媒体平台上道歉(推测不会强制要求)。

腾讯还宣称对方有不正当竞争行为。几小时内,抖音反诉腾讯索赔9 000万元人民币。很少有哪些突然爆红的公司会惹得腾讯如此愤怒,腾讯是一家中国游戏兼社交媒体巨头。在11月,该公司成为首个市值超过5亿美元的亚洲公司。

今年第一季度,公司于2017年年末推出抖音国际版——Tik Tok,成为全球下载量最多的iPhone app,除了游戏应用外,这样的火爆程度对于中国社交app而言是非常罕见的。国际版在印尼和泰国取得不错成绩。在国内,抖音在1月至5月的app商店排行中一直领先。抖音称其在中国拥有3亿用户。

腾讯的焦虑或许来源于这样一个事实——每家公司都想要一个“人气第一的app”。

Battle between Tencent and Douyin

A public spat between two warring and wildly popular Chinese apps has had the feel of a teenage dance-off.“Sorry, Douyin Fans”, ran an article from the short video app on its WeChat account, in which it accused the mobile-messaging service of disabling links to Douyin’s most popular videos.“All hail Douyin the drama queen,” retorted Tencent, WeChat’s parent, which said it had acted because the content was “inappropriate”.On June 1st Tencent sued Douyin’s parent company for 1 yuan (15 cents) and demanded it apologise for its accusations-on its own platforms (and presumably without the snark).

Tencent also alleged unfair competition.Within hours Douyin counter-sued for RMB 90 million yuan.Rarely has an upstart so piqued Tencent, a Chinese gaming and social-media titan which in November became Asia’s first company worth over half-a-trillion dollars.At first blush WeChat and Douyin (which translates as “trill”) appear to inhabit distinct worlds.

In the first quarter of this year Tik Tok, an international version of Douyin that launched in late 2017, became the world’s most downloaded iPhone app, excluding games a rare feat for a Chinese social app.It has done well in Indonesia and Thailand.At home it led app-store rankings from January to May.It claims to have a user base of 300m in China.

Its angst may stem from the fact that every firm wants a top-of-mind app.

经济词汇

保险业 insurance industry

保证重点支出 ensure funding for priority areas

补发拖欠的养老金 clear up pension payments in arrears(www.xing528.com)

城乡信用社 credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas

城镇居民最低生活保障 a minimum standard of living for city residents

城镇职工医疗保险制度 the system of medical insurance for urban workers

出口信贷 export credit

贷款质量 loan quality

贷款质量五级分类办法 the five-category assets classification for bank loans

防范和化解金融风险 take precautions against and reduce financial risks

防洪工程 flood-prevention project

非法外汇交易 illegal foreign exchange transaction

非贸易收汇 foreign exchange earnings through non trade channels

非银行金融机构 non-bank financial institutions

费改税 transform administrative fees into taxes

跟踪审计 follow-up auditing

工程监理制度 the monitoring system for projects

国有资产安全 the safety of state-owned assets

过度开垦 excess reclamation

合同管理制度 the contract system for governing projects

机电产品 electromechanical products

积极的财政政策 pro-active fiscal policy

基本生活费 basic allowances

结售汇制度 the system of exchange settlement and sales

解除劳动关系 sever labor relations

金融监管责任制 the responsibility system for financial supervision

经济安全 economic security

靠扩大财政赤字建设 increase the deficit to spend more on development

扩大国内需求 the expansion of domestic demand

粮食仓库 grain depot

粮食收储企业 grain collection and storage enterprise

粮食收购资金实行封闭运行 closed operation of grain purchase funds

粮食销售市场 grain sales market

劣质工程 shoddy engineering

融资渠道 financing channels

商业信贷原则 the principles for commercial credit

社会保险机构 social security institution

失业保险金 unemployment insurance benefits

外汇收支 foreign exchange revenue and spending

国际市场接轨 integrate with the world market; become integrated into the global market

涨落线 advance balance line

朝阳产业 sunrise industry

政策性住房 policy-based house

政府搭台,部门推动,企业唱戏 Governments set up the stage, various departments cooperate and enterprises put in the show.

政府上网工程 Government Online Project

政府职能转变 transform/shift the government functions

政企不分 without a clear line between the functions of the government and enterprises;the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up

政企分开 separate government functions from enterprise management

政务公开 make government affairs public

住房分配货币化进程 capitalization process of housing distribution/allocation

住房零首付 zero-yuan first payment (for apartments)

转化机制 (of state-owned enterprises) to shift to new management mechanisms

转基因食品 GM food (genetically modified food)

追赶型和跨越式发展 pursuant and leap-forward development

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