这类研究主要认为是各种要素共同发挥作用,推动印度信息技术产业发展或软件出口,主要代表性的有Carmel(2003)[39]椭圆模型;Heeks-Nicholson(2004)[40]模型;Heeks(2006)[41]运用迈克尔·波特竞争优势理论的“钻石模型”去分析印度IT部门的竞争力及发展;Joshi-Mudigonda(2008)[42]离岸吸引力模型。Carmel认为八大因素促成了印度软件出口成功,并提出椭圆模型,即政府愿景和政策、人力资本、工资报酬、生活质量、联系沟通、技术基础设施、资本、产业特征。Heeks-Nicholson通过考察印度、爱尔兰、以色列三个一流软件出口国,研究促成成功的相关要素,Heeks-Nicholson提出了软件出口成功模型,主要为五大要素,即需求(国内、国外)、国家愿景和战略、国际联动和信任、软件产业的特质、国内投入要素以及基础设施。
Heeks(2006)利用了波特钻石理论的要素,即有利的生产要素条件,高的国内需求,企业战略、结构和竞争对手,关联支持产业的存在去解释印度IT产业的软件部门发展,他认为劳动力和技能是最重要的要素,但波特的“国内需求”作为一个因素去解释印度软件发展的优势是行不通的。Joshi Mudigonda提出了离岸的吸引力框架去评估印度对离岸工作的吸引力。这个框架基于三个关键因素,即主要激励因素、抑制剂、促进条件,其中主要的激励因素是离岸工作的基本驱动因素,抑制因素是作为阻碍要素出现,促进条件倾向于支持便捷的初始进入和平稳过渡,以及有效的无故障交付。
我国的赵璐(2003)[43],赵建军(2004)[44],陆履平、杨建梅(2005)[45]等人认为,印度IT产业特别是软件服务外包的成功除了有政府扶持、市场需求、生产成本、人力资源、质量管理、知识产权保护和语言等因素,还有制度和人脉两个重要因素。此外,胡国良(2007)[46]通过中印软件服务外包竞争力比较研究,认为印度的优势主要在于人力资源及成本、管理能力、国际经验与市场开拓、产业分工。朱福林(2015)[47]选取了13个影响印度服务外包竞争力因素的指标数据,运用邓氏灰色关联分析法测算了印度信息技术外包及业务流程外包的主要影响因素,认为知识产权、商务环境等因素对竞争力影响最大。
总之,上述研究表明,单一要素说仅仅强调了产业发展的某个主导要素,并不能完全解释印度信息技术产业迅猛发展的原因,比如有人认为印度信息技术产业发展的优势在于充沛且廉价的IT人力资源,然而,为什么印度其他高科技产业并没有像信息技术产业一样利用廉价、丰盈、高效的劳动力走向国际市场呢?况且印度信息技术产业的人力成本也在不断增加;而综合要素说认为印度信息技术产业的发展是各种要素共同发挥作用,这比单一要素论的解释力更强大,比如Carmel的椭圆模型;Heeks Nicholson模型;Joshi Mudigonda离岸吸引力模型;还有Heeks运用迈克尔·波特竞争优势理论的“钻石模型”去分析了印度IT部门的竞争力及发展。这些模型研究揭示了印度信息技术产业或者软件出口成功的基本要素,所有的模型都是相似的,从这个意义上说,这些模型并没有给波特的“钻石模型”带来任何新意。这给本书很大启发,即“钻石模型”所具有的特定理论框架并不能简单套用,也不能孤立地对各要素的作用进行分析,必须结合印度信息技术产业的发展历程、特征进行改良,吸取“钻石模型”六要素的合理成分,对其进行调整。
【注释】
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