川西槐轩：儒学与公共建设的融通

The Confucius in Western Sichuan and the Locust Tree Studio

乾隆年间，成都出了一件奇闻。有一天强盗来袭，居民奔散。土匪到了村镇，突见一个小孩儿仍在聚精会神地看书。强盗奇怪，便围上来问：“别人都跑了，你怎么不跑？”那小孩若无其事地回答：“书就是我的命，没有了书，命还有何用。”强盗震惊。一个小孩子有如此见识，可见此地文脉昌盛，不可侵犯，于是引众退去。

这故事的主人公就是刘沅。刘沅，字止唐，一字讷如，号清阳居士，1767年出生于四川双流县的云栖里（今彭镇）的书香世家。刘沅自幼聪慧，勤奋好学，17岁已名动乡邻。可惜三次参加会试皆不中，干脆放弃了科举，回家侍奉老母。后来巧遇野云老人，传他“存心养性”之功。高人指点为刘沅打开了一方新的天地。不仅孱弱的身体日渐强壮，学问也愈发精进。他的名望逐渐散播开来，许多学子慕名前来拜师求教。

Liu Yuan, courtesy name Zhitang or Neru and literary name Qingyang Jushi, was born into a literary fam ily in Yunqili（today’s Pengzhen）, Shuangliu County, Sichuan in 1767. Smart and studious since boyhood, Liu Yuan had already earned his fame in neighboring areas at the age of 17. Later, he chanced upon the Old Man Yeyun ( i.e. Li Guoyuan ) who taught him how to cultivate the m ind and temperament, opening the door to a new realm for Li Yuan. His frail physique grew stronger day by day, and his know ledge gradually improved. His reputation grew and spread over time, attracting many students to study under him.

Li Yuan’s lectures grew quite inf luential by the 18th year of Emperor Jiaqing’s reign, so he moved his fam ily from Shuangliu to downtown Chengdu. In his new courtyard, there was a locust tree, so Liu named his college Locust Tree Studio（Huai Xuan）. In the subsequent 42 years, he had been lecturing and teaching disciples here until he died. Over the century from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China period, the Huai Xuan School grew and rose as an inf luential school of learning. Many masters of Chinese culture in Sichuan once studied at Locust Tree Studio. Liu Yuan was given the honorif ic title of the Confucius in Western Sichuan. The Huai Xuan School, Confucianism-focused, also studied Buddhism and Taoism, and was keen on medical science, charity and infrastructure causes.

刘沅开坛讲学至嘉庆十八年已颇具规模，于是他将家从双流迁到了成都城内。因院中有一株槐树，刘沅遂将书院命名为“槐轩”。四十二年间，刘沅在此讲学授徒直至去世。槐轩书院也成为四川最负盛名的书院，蜀中许多国学名家都出自他门下。四川晚清民国近百年学术史上，槐轩学派蔚然大观，刘沅高峰耸立，影响深远，被人们尊称为“川西夫子”。

槐轩学派以儒学为本，融通佛道，同时热衷医理、慈善和公共建设事业。刘沅的学生郑钦安用药大胆，常用大辛大热药，人称“火神”，后来成为一个医学流派，刘沅也因此有“火神之祖”之称。

刘沅带头捐资修复了武侯祠、青羊宫、二仙庙、关帝庙等古迹。如今武侯祠内的47尊蜀汉历史人物塑像，有25尊是在他的主持下修复重塑的。在杜甫草堂、望江楼内，至今还留有刘沅的题咏碑碣。

槐轩故里彭镇
Pengzhen Town,the home town of Huai Xuan

刘沅的学生遍布西南各省，前后有数千人之众。其中进士有一百多人，中举的有三百多人，至于贤名远播乡里的，不可计数。刘沅自己的子孙里面，八十年内有八人中举或为翰林，时人誉为“八龙挺秀”。

后世刘门中名气最大的莫过于刘咸荥和刘咸炘。

勤王事大好儿孙，三世忠贞，史笔犹褒陈庶子；

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这是刘沅的孙子刘咸荥在成都武侯祠题写的一副对联，在武侯祠、杜甫草堂、望江楼、浣花溪、青城山、峨眉山等诸多蜀中人文胜地，都留有刘咸荥精彩楹联。刘咸荥是民国时期成都著名的五老七贤之一。他自幼好学，绘画诗文一样不落，毕生致力于教育事业。先后在成都的各大学堂讲学，门生上千，郭沫若、李劼人都曾是他的学生。刘咸荥在继承家学的同时，积极接受西方学术，对康德、黑格尔、斯宾塞等人的思想颇有研究。清末变局中，他常与蜀中时贤讨论时弊，以在野之身行大夫之责。抗日战争胜利后，蒋介石来成都设宴招待成都士绅，刘咸荥被推为代表致词。他直言，战后地方凋敝，需要先让人民休养生息，一切以恢复为先，赢得当时成都百姓的赞赏。

刘沅的孙子刘咸荥在成都武侯祠题写的一副对联
A pair of couplets inscribed by Liu Xianying, grandson of Liu Yuan, at the Wuhou Temple in Chengdu

His disciples came from various parts of southwest China, numbering several thousands. Among Liu’s own descendants, there were eight presented scholars and Hanlin academ icians, then known as Eight Outstanding Members of the Liu Fam ily, over 80 years.

The m ost accom p lished m em bers of the Liu fam ily were Liu Xianying and Liu Xianxin.

Liu Xianying was one of the renowned Five Elders and Seven Sages in Chengdu during the Republic of China period. W ith a love for learning, he studied extensively in painting and w riting, devoting his entire life to education. In the turmoil of the late Qing Dynasty, he often discussed current affairs w ith contemporary great scholars in Sichuan, playing his part in changing the country w ithout being in off ice.

刘咸荥书法
The callig raphy of Liu Xianying

Liu Xianxin, grandson of Liu Yuan, was the most excellent man of learning in the Liu fam ily. A child prodigy, Liu Xianxin started his teaching career at Shangyou School at the age of 20, then served concurrently as dean of Philosophy Department, Chengdu Jingye College and professor at Chengdu University and Sichuan University. Liu Xianxin was a rare genius in modern China’s academ ic history. The Collected Writings from Tuishi Studio he w rote is another masterpiece of the Huai Xuan School.

刘门中最出色的学人是刘沅的孙子刘咸炘。刘咸炘自幼受家学熏陶，先跟着堂兄刘咸荥学习，后者很快就招架不住，对刘咸炘的父亲刘梖文说：“四弟聪慧异常，所问辄博而深，吾不能胜其教也。”于是刘梖文亲自施教，闲暇时间则听其自修。刘咸炘天资极佳，20岁在尚友书塾任教，又先后兼任成都敬业学院哲学系主任及成都大学、四川大学教授。

在中国近世学术史上，刘咸炘是一位罕见的天才。他的学术与行为植根于中国文化土壤，置身于“五四”风云激荡的新文化运动之中，他立志回归原典，廓清本源，为中华传统文化寻找出路。1930年，刘咸炘将自己的著作修订集为《推十书》，“体用兼备，粲成格局，合乎传统学术规范，俨然成一家言”。“推十”是他书斋的名字，取自许慎《说文解字》载孔子“推十合一为士”之义，藉以显示其一生明统知类、由博趋约，以合御分的学术主旨。

刘咸炘
Liu Xianxin

“生涯说与秋风听，故纸堆中是乐乡”。乱世中刘咸炘潜心著述，不慕权贵。1932年刘咸炘病逝，年仅三十六岁。一生中唯一一次远行，他来到了剑门关，留下“直方大”三字碑刻。刘咸炘的人生恰如《周易》坤卦的完美体现：地势坤，君子以厚德载物。静止而广大，一如他的学问与品格。