古朴盐井与灌溉源头——江安河牧马山前的望川原

The f irst salt well and Wangchuan Canal

战国末年，强秦叩开巴蜀的大门，蜀地就此融入中原文明。李冰的不世伟业都江堰造就了水旱从人的天府之国。“冰……又识察水脉，穿广都盐井诸陂池，蜀于是盛有养身之饶焉。”（《华阳国志》）李冰不仅开凿了都江堰，他也开启了四川的井盐史，造就了双流的膏腴之乡。民国《华阳县志·山川》记载：“南山之首曰木（牧）马山……曰杏花山，山下为十八口，十八口者，昔时盐井之目也。” 20世纪50年代，成都出土了一块东汉制盐画像砖，砖上刻着一幅汲卤图，画面生动再现了当时井盐生产的繁忙景象，场面分工明确，井井有条。广都盐井的形式比汉代画像砖上显示的更古老，更简朴。1958年，当地曾经对十八口盐井进行修复，古盐井在除尽浮泥后，现出井圈，口径4米余，越往下直径逐渐展开，深达14米，直径已达5米，水中含盐量15克/升。这里的井，比画像砖上的井口要大得多，不仅是大口浅井，而且已经状大如“池”了，而这正与《华阳国志》所记之“陂池”相吻合。

汉代井盐画像砖拓片
Th e b ric k ru b b in g s of Han D ynas ty sa ltw e ll pa in ting

古蜀文化浮雕
The re lie f scu lp tu re of an c ien t Shu cu ltu re

In the late Warring States period, the powerful state of Qin forced open the door of Ba and Shu areas. Ever since, the Shu culture has integrated w ith the Central Plains culture. Li Bing presided over not only the construction of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, but also the drilling of the first salt w ells in Sichuan. These ancient and simple wells, located in today’s Shuangliu, were called Guangdu salt wells. In 1958, the local governm ent restored 18 ancient salt wells which recorded a salt con tent of 15g/L. Th is coincides w ith what is recorded in The Chronicles of Huayang.

汉代，人们在李冰都江堰的基础上继续开凿，将郫江之水引入广都农田。晋宋时期任豫所著《益州记》里记载，广都“县有望川源，凿石二十里，引取郫江水灌广都田”。这本书后来虽然失传，但《后汉书》和《水经注》都对相关内容有所引用：“江西有望川原，凿山崖度水，结诸陂池，故盛养生之饶。”双流境内唯有江安河沿牧马山北麓行水，符合“穿山崖过水”的特征，由此可以判断，望川源就是现今江安河在双流牧马山前这一段。有传说江安河为三国蜀国时开凿，古有新开河、阿斗河之名。《华阳国志·蜀志》里也记载，“广都县……江西有安稻田，穿山崖过水二十里”。江西即郫江下游府河之西，安稻田指望川原经过双流牧马山尾，凿崖石开溪，类似都江堰宝瓶口，历经千年而不变，故称“安”。

一江望川和盐井的开凿，灌溉出沃野千里的望川原，民足养生，安居富饶。(www.xing528.com)

水脉的开凿，不仅促进了农业发展，也为古双流带来了便捷的水路航运。彭镇杨柳河、古镇黄龙溪，都曾是繁华的水码头。远近闻名的玉米、二荆条、牧山地瓜、红甘蔗、海椒、花生、盐等农产品，顺着河道流向全国各地。

Du ring the Han Dynasty, the water in the Pijiang River was diverted tof ields in Guangdu. The Wangchuan Canal ran through the section of the Jiang’an River at the foot of the Muma Mountain, Shuangliu. The canal and salt wells irrigated hundreds of m iles of plain fields, feeding a wealthy population living in peace and contentment.

This water way c ontributed to b oth the agricultural development and convenient waterway shipping in ancient Shuangliu. The Yangliu River in Pengzhen Town and Huanglongxi Ancient Town were once busy wharves.A wide range of well-known agricultural produc ts, including corn, Erjingtiao chili, Muma sweet potato, Red Sugarcane, hot pepper, peanut and salt, were sold to the rest of the country via rivers.

古盐井遗址
The an c ien t sa lt-w e ll site

黄龙溪
Huang longxi