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选择R、D资产退役和相对效率模式的优化方案

时间:2023-05-29 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:线性递减模式假定R&D资产效率随着使用时间呈线性方式等量递减,其特点在于效率在每一时期下降相同的绝对量,该模式下效率下降介于几何递减模式与双曲线递减模式之间。

选择R、D资产退役和相对效率模式的优化方案

R&D资产的退役模式可分为同时退役、线性退役、延迟线性退役、钟形退役四种类型。其中,同时退役模式假定所有资产在达到使用年限时全部退出,在此之前则完全不退出;线性退役模式假定某一资产在两倍平均役龄期间,每一年按相同的退役率从资本存量中退出;延迟线性退役模式以线性退役模式为基础,资产的退役发生得比线性退役模式晚,结束得比线性退役模式早;钟形退役模式与正态曲线类似,它的走势为一条两端低中间高的曲线,表明资产的退役率在役龄期内是逐渐变化而非固定不变的,而且资产退役在平均使用年限附近达到顶峰,顶峰之后开始逐渐下降。进一步地,该模式的死亡函数还可分为威布尔(Weibull)分布、温弗里(Winfrey)分布、对数正态分布等类型。

与一般固定资产类似,R&D资产的相对效率也可分四种模式,即单驾马车(One-hoss-shay)模 式、线 性 递 减 模 式、几 何 递 减(Geometrically Declining Profiles)模式、双曲线递减模式。其中,单驾马车模式往往假定R&D资产在其役龄内不存在任何损耗,提供的数量也不会减少,而当R&D资产的使用期限超过平均役龄时,其效率即刻降为零。该模式对于绝大多数的固定资产而言是一种理论模式,但R&D资产不易磨损的特殊性质却在一定程度上加强了该模式的可行性。线性递减模式假定R&D资产效率随着使用时间呈线性方式等量递减,其特点在于效率在每一时期下降相同的绝对量,该模式下效率下降介于几何递减模式与双曲线递减模式之间。几何递减模式假定R&D资产效率随使用年限的增加按固定比率下降,其特点在于R&D资产效率的下降幅度在使用初期较大,而使用后期则逐渐减小。双曲线递减模式假定R&D资产效率在早期缓慢下降,在临近R&D产品使用年限末尾时下降速度加快,该模式推导出的年限价格模式形状受使用年限和高贴现率的影响,敏感程度较高。

【注释】

[1]大多国内文献将“R&D资本化核算”“R&D投资核算”“R&D资本存量核算”记为“R&D资本化测算”“R&D投资测算”“R&D资本存量测算”。本书并不对“核算”与“测算”的语义差异予以严格区分。

[2]为简化分析,我们并未考虑R&D产品的进口与出口,图2-1的分析仅限于R&D产品的国内生产与国内使用。

[3]R&D产出核算内容构成项如公式(2-5)和公式(2-6)所示,具体包括R&D中间消耗、R&D雇员报酬、R&D固定资本消耗、R&D固定资本净收益、R&D其他生产税净额。

[4]表2-2的内容根据2015版FM第112—120页内容归纳。

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[6]需要指出的是,图2-2中的指标均基于不变价开展测算。

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