热身练习
1.劫富济贫
2.以旧换新
3.这餐馆真的很赚钱。
4.创新的难题在于缺乏人才。
5.董事会成员一致同意这起收购提案。
6.采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。
7.由于实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
8.国家采取各种措施，切实保护妇女各项权利免受侵犯。
9.不屑于干自己工作的人，终会有一天发现自己不配干那份工作。
10.上海合作组织（SCO）成立12年来，成员国结成紧密的命运共同体和利益共同体。
内容讲解
商务汉译英中的词性转换
由于英汉表达差异，词性转换是汉英翻译中的一个很重要的手段。运用词性转换这种技巧，主要是为了弥补汉英两种语言在表达方式上的差异。如果机械地按原文词性逐字硬译，很可能会造成生硬累赘的中式英文，而恰当地改变词性，可使译文顺畅易懂，更符合英文的表达习惯。
比如，英语中很多名词都是从动词变化而来的，既可以指称动作，又可以表示状态，还可以表示行为、品质、情感等概念，因此，英语中的名词具有高度的抽象性和概括性，这和汉语的具体化特色形成了对照，因而汉语中的许多其他词性甚至是句子都可以利用英语中的名词来处理，以充分显示英语的名词特色。同时，由于汉语动态性更强，多用动词，因此在汉译英时经常将汉语的动词译为英语中的名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等。
（一）汉语动词词性转换
1.汉语动词转换成英语名词
汉语使用动词的频率远远高于英语，而且动词既没有时态变化的约束，也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分，动词甚至可以充当句子的各种成分。相反，英语动词的使用受到形态变化规则的严格限制，一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词，谓语动词还可以通过谓语动词以外各种词性的词来体现动词意义。因此汉语句子里的动词经常可以转换成英语里的其他词性，例如名词、形容词、副词、介词或介词短语。下面以汉语动词转换为英语名词举例：
例1：目前我国各地对各种消费品的需求量已大大增加。
译文：There has been a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of China.
例2：原材料没有及时送到，这打乱了我们的生产计划。
译文：The delay in delivery of the raw materials disturbed our producing plan.
例3：男的不愿退休，与他们预想中将要失去很多东西有关，其中主要是赚钱的机会，而不是对工作的依恋之情。
译文：Reluctance among men to retire is associated with anticipated deprivations，mainly of money rather than of attachment to work.
例4：采取措施，坚决遏制部分城市房价过快上涨。
译文：Measures must be taken to curb resolutely the soaring of housing prices in some cities.
译文：We do not challenge the development of nongovernmental economic and cultural ties by Taiwan with other regions/countries.
例6：这为东南亚各国保持经济持续增长，发展经济合作，创造了重要的前提条件。
译文：This has provided an important prerequisite for the sustained economic growth of East Asian countries and the development of their economic cooperation.
2.汉语动词转换成英语形容词
汉语中一些表示心理状态的动词，如知觉、情感等，通常可以转换成英语的形容词。比如，“他急切地想得到消息。”这句话就可以表达成“He was news-hungry.”。请看下列例子：
例7：我完全意识到这项投资要冒风险。
译文：I am well aware that this is a risky investment.
例8：要是你们只满足于现状，你们就不能在竞争中求得发展。
译文：You cannot survive the competition for further development，if you are only content with things as they are.
例9：总经理为公司的业绩担忧。
译文：The general manager was anxious about the performance of the company.
例10：千百万山区人民终于摆脱了贫穷。
译文：Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.
例11：上海历来盛情招待来自全世界的游客和客商。
译文：Shanghai has long been hospitable to the tourists and the businessmen from all over the world.
例12：并不是所有的员工都喜欢这个方案。
译文：The program was not popular with all of the staff.
3.汉语动词转换成英语副词
汉语中的动词部分不但可转换成形容词，也可以转换成副词，往往可以达到言简意赅的效果。
例13：这家企业和对手企业的经营方式不同。
译文：This company operates differently from its rivals.
例14：当时，友谊商店只对外宾开放，不对国人开放。
译文：At the time the Youyi Store was exclusively open to foreign visitors.（当然，用only accessible to foreign visitors 也可以。）
例15：她对自己所取得的成就充满了自豪，这也不是没有道理的。
译文：She is justifiably proud of her achievements.
4.汉语动词转换成介词（介词短语）
介词与名词密切关联，英语名词的广泛带动介词频繁出现。比如“宴请……”（to hold/give/host a banquet in honor of …）、“根据你们的要求”（at your request）、“应……的邀请”（at the invitation of sb.…）、“在……的陪同下”（in the company of …）、“代表”（on behalf of …）、“以……的名义”（in the name of …）、“纪念”（in memory/commemoration of …）、“庆祝”（in celebration of； to celebrate）等等。而且，英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。因此，汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词来表达。例如：
例16：增加投资给公司带来了压力，但资产负债表显示，尽管有3.46 亿英镑的支出，净现金收入仍然达到32 亿英镑。
译文：Despite pressures from increased investment，the balance sheet shows net cash at￡3.2 bn after expenditures of ￡346 m.
例17：这将使中国有可能赶超美国成为世界上最大的快递市场。
译文：It may make it possible for China to overtake the United States as the world's largest courier/express market.
译文：This course provides an introduction to modern statistical principles with special emphasis on data analytical techniques.
例19：新区的发展与进一步开放产生了积极的影响，推动了经济发展。
译文：The development and further opening of the New Area has produced a positive influence on economic growth.
（二）汉语名词词性转换
1.汉语名词转换成英语动词
有些情况下，如“印象”“态度”“特点”“地位”等，在汉语中只能用名词表达，然而在英语中则常常用动词表达，通常情况下，汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。
例20：该公司精良的管理和不俗的业绩给我留下了深刻的印象。
译文：I was deeply impressed by the good management and remarkable performance of the company.
例21：该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。
译文：The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.
例22：必须始终以经济建设为中心。
译文：We must consistently concentrate on economic development.
例23：去年中国进出口总值为4.62 万亿美元，增长12.6%。
译文：Last year，China's imports and exports totaled up to 4.62 trillion US dollars，an increase of 12.6 percent.
例24：改革开放的重要性，可以从国内的发展变化和国际上的良好反应得到最好的证明。
译文：The importance of our reform and open-up policy can be best proved by the facts of domestic developments and international favorable response.
例25：我们之间关系的发展使我们不仅成为亲密的朋友而且成为兄弟。
译文：Our relations have so grown that they bind us not only as close friends but also as brothers.
另外，汉语中常使用比较抽象的名词，译界常将类似的抽象名词短语戏称为“性感度”——“性”：如特殊性、重要性、必要性；“感”：如使命感、责任感、成就感；“度”：如高度、广度、深度。在译成英语时，切忌不假思索地将这些汉语词语统一译成抽象名词，而是应该考虑将这些词语转换成相关的动词或形容词，以求译文表达的地道。比如：
深化境外战略投资者与中资银行的合作，稳步推进股票、债券、保险市场对外开放，促进人民币跨境使用，逐步实现人民币资本项目可兑换，拓展金融业对外开放的广度和深度。
如果将最后一部分“拓展金融业对外开放的广度和深度”译成expand the breadth and depth of opening-up in the financial sector，这就是典型的汉化英语，通过词性转换可以调整为两个动词：broaden and deepen。全句译为：
We will deepen cooperation between Chinese banks and their foreign strategic investors,open the stock,bond and insurance markets in an orderly way,promote the cross-border use of the RMB and,gradually achieve the RMB's convertibility under the capital account and broaden and deepen the opening-up in the financial sector.
2.汉语名词译为英语形容词或副词
汉语名词转换为英语形容词最为典型的例子是“定冠词+形容词”的英文表达结构，比如：病号和伤员（the sick and the wounded）、穷人和富人（the poor and the rich）、特权精英（the privileged elite），再举几个例子：
译文：The plane ticket would be good / valid for one year.
例27：该公司财力雄厚、声誉卓著。(www.xing528.com)
译文：The company is financially sound and highly reputable.
例28：奥迪官方宣布将在2009 的×××国际车展中推出一款复古车型，以纪念奥迪百周年庆典……这无不印证这传统和现代之间的紧密结合。
译文：It was officially announced that Audi is going to introduce a retro automobile in 2009 XXX International Auto Show，so as to celebrate Audi's centennial anniversary.It proves that there is a close-knit relationship between tradition and modern times.
（三）汉语形容词词性转换
在汉译英时，汉语的形容词往往可以译成英语中的名词或副词。这些名词或副词通常具有抽象意义，而且往往由某些形容词派生而来。
1.汉语形容词转换成英语名词
例29：公司的股东特别大会开得很成功。
译文：The special general meeting of the company was a great success.
例30：管理层感到，解决公司冗员的问题是困难的、复杂的。
译文：The management found difficulty and complexity in solving the problem of redundancy.
例31：他们恨透了那个狼心狗肺的老板。
译文：They hated that beast of their boss.
2.汉语形容词转换成英语副词
例32：有时候，管理者不得不为决策失误付出昂贵的代价。
译文：Sometimes managers have to pay dearly for their wrong decisions.
例33：中国的快速发展、充沛活力和多元文化给他留下了深刻的印象。
译文：He was deeply impressed by China's rapid growth，abundant vitality and diversified cultures.
例34：亚洲仍然是世界上最具经济活力的地区。
译文：Economically，Asia is still the most dynamic region in the world.
（四）汉语副词词性转换
有时出于修辞和句法结构的需要，往往把汉语中的副词用英语其他词性的词来表达。
1.汉语副词转化成英语形容词
例35：他经常光顾这家高档餐厅。
译文：He is a frequent customer to this gourmet restaurant.
例36：每个月要拿出五千元还银行房贷，他几乎是个“月光族”。
译文： Having to repay a monthly mortgage of RMB 5，000 yuan，he is close to living from paycheck to paycheck.
例37：我们认为，要全面禁止和彻底销毁核武器，实现无核武器世界，必须切实推进核裁军进程。
译文：We believe that in order to achieve the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons for a nuclear-weapon-free world，the process of nuclear disarmament must be advanced in real earnest.
2.汉语副词转化成英语名词
例38：冷静耐心地处理这个微妙的问题是明智的。
译文：It would be wise to handle this delicate problem with calmness and patience.
例39：我们高兴地看到，我国的造船工业正在蓬勃发展。
译文：It is our great pleasure to note that our shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously.
例40：充裕的资金对于企业的正常经营来说是绝对必需的。
译文：Sufficient funding is an absolute necessity for the normal operation of a firm.
小结
英汉差异首先体现在词汇层面上，词性转换正是弥补这一差异的最重要的手段之一。词性转换不仅是重要的译词手段，也是常用的句法转换变通手段，是一种极为常见的翻译技巧。不拘泥于原文词汇的形式，灵活运用词性转换技巧，能更准确地传达出原文内涵，译文也会更加通畅地道。
实战演练
一、翻译下列句子，注意词性转换技巧的应用。
1.他们没有做出反应，这表明他们对我们的收购提议没有兴趣。
2.裁员的传言把公司上下弄得鸡飞狗跳。
3.他们不顾一切困难和挫折，坚持产品创新。
4.要求客户在订货或提货时立即用现金支付全部货款。
5.不过，未来至少6 个月，央行可能会奉命推迟加息，或推迟抑制贷款增长。
6.游客到处乱弃垃圾，制造废水，再加上这一地区大兴土木，建造旅游设施，这一切都严重破坏了当地的生态环境和文化氛围。
7.中国支持联合国的改革，支持联合国等多边机构在国际事务中继续发挥重要作用。
8.G20 第11 次峰会的主题是：“构建创新、活力、联动、包容的世界经济”。
9.尽管增速有所放缓，中国经济正在朝着我们期待的方向，朝着更多立足内需和创新拉动的方向发展。
10.就连美国深受欢迎的烹饪节目“料理铁厨”也是由日本传入的。
12.在连续多年被互联网抢走读者、广告收入锐减、出版物停刊、一轮接一轮裁员后，出版业终于见证了许久未见的景象：报摊中的报刊售罄了。
13.新一轮改革的范围之广、程度之深、难度之大可谓前所未有。
14.乙方没有按合同规定及时把货备妥，致使甲方派去装货的船只滞期48 小时。
15.他们一道匆忙拯救了贝尔斯登公司、美国国际集团和花旗银行，却让雷曼兄弟公司倒闭了。
二、翻译以下段落。
1.中国改革开放最主要的成果是开创和发展了中国特色社会主义，中国的面貌、中国与世界的关系都发生了深刻的变化。……中国经济持续30年保持10% 以上的增长速度，经济总量已经位居世界第二。
2.美元贬值使外国投资者抢购美国股票的获利空间加大，进而导致来自国外，尤其是日本的投资者大量购进美国股票。而且，如果贸易状况有所改善，最终会增加美国企业的竞争力。因此，很多投资者眼下正购买美国出口导向型企业的股票，期待来年获利更丰。但这只能算是投资者心血来潮罢了；如果企业收益在今后几个季度里令人失望的话，这种买进股票的狂热行为就可能消失。
延伸阅读
驻美国大使崔天凯在美国《财富》杂志发表署名文章[1]
Ambassador Cui Tiankai's Op-Ed on Belt and Road Initiative on Fortune Magazine
2019年4月24日
24 April 2019
如果中美这两个世界上最大、最具活力的经济体共同推进历史上最具雄心的发展事业，其潜力将无可限量。中国的“一带一路”倡议正是这样一项前景可期的事业。“一带一路”倡议始于近六年前，将打通广袤天地，激活经济活动，创造可观财富，并史无前例地将世界联结在一起。然而，美国却选择置身事外，错失了不少发展良机，这对本可从美国人的勤劳智慧中受益的全球发展也并无益处。
Imagine the potential of China and the United States,the world's two largest,most vibrant economies collaborating on the most ambitious development project in history.The scenario is no fantasy:China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI),which kicked off almost six years ago,will eventually connect a vast swath of the world,creating huge yields in economic activity,and wiring the world together as never before.However,the United States remains on the sidelines,and this has implications not only in terms of missed opportunities for growth in the US,but for the cause of global development which needs the ingenuity and the industry of the US.
“一带一路”倡议延续了联通亚欧非的古代陆海丝绸之路的足迹，继承并发扬了丝路精神。今天的“一带一路”已发展为超大规模合作平台和增长驱动。已有126 个国家和29 个国际组织同中国签署了合作协议。中国同沿线国家贸易总额超过6 万亿美元，对沿线国家投资超过800 多亿美元，上缴东道国税费20 多亿美元，为当地创造了将近30 万个就业岗位。
The BRI,which echoes the geographic footprint and spirit of the ancient land and maritime Silk Roads that linked Asia,Africa,and Europe,has indeed become a massive platform for cooperation and an engine of growth,with 126 Countries and 29 international organizations having signed BRI cooperation documents with China.Total trade between China and other Belt and Road countries has exceeded $6 trillion,and China's investment in these countries has surpassed $80 billion,with Chinese companies generating over $2 billion in tax revenue and 300,000 jobs for locals.
五年多的短暂时间里，“一带一路”倡议已向沿线国家证实了其价值所在。例如，世界最大的内陆国哈萨克斯坦因参与“一带一路”建设在中国连云港找到了太平洋出海口。中欧班列在物流领域为德国杜伊斯堡市创造了超过6 000 个就业岗位。通过共建“一带一路”，牙买加、黑山、乌干达等国建起了第一条高速公路，白俄罗斯第一次发展起了自己的汽车制造业，斯里兰卡等国则解决了困扰多年的电力紧缺问题。
In six short years,the BRI is already proving its value to our partners.Consider the example of Kazakhstan.As the world's largest landlocked country,Kazakhstan has-as a direct result of the BRI-gained access to the Pacific Ocean through the Lianyungang port in China.Regular China-Europe Railway Express freight services have created more than 6,000 jobs in Duisburg,Germany's logistics sector.Through BRI cooperation,countries such as Jamaica,Montenegro,and Uganda now have their first expressways,Belarus has developed its own car industry,and Sri Lanka has seen an end to its longstanding power shortages.
“一带一路”如此快速发展、聚敛人气，最重要的原因在于它聚焦发展这个根本性问题。中国人深谙发展是解决一切问题的总钥匙。我们尝过“要致富，先修路”的甜头，愿从自身经验出发，帮助各国改善基础设施、增进互联互通。当然，有路要有车跑，港口要有船靠，光有基础设施还不够，还要有经济活动的支撑。因此我们在基建联通基础上致力于提振贸易投资、改善民生、增加就业、促进稳定。为突破投融资瓶颈，我们设立了亚洲基础设施投资银行、丝路基金等，同世界银行等合作互补，以填补资金缺口。“硬联通”的发展还需要“软联通”来维系，为使“一带一路”更富韧性，我们积极促进各国发展战略对接和民意相亲。
The key to BRI's success and popularity is that it focuses on addressing the development issue.The Chinese know too well that development holds the master key to all problems.As the Chinese saying goes,building the road is the first step to become prosperous.Therefore,learning from our own experience,we are ready to help others improve infrastructure and connectivity.Naturally,there is no sense in building roads where there is no traffic.Indeed,once roads,bridges,ports,railways,electricity,and the like are in place,new waves of commerce shall follow.So,in addition to being a massive infrastructure project,the BRI is a force for development that will boost trade and investment with our partners,create more job opportunities for local citizens,and improve stability and quality of life.Since financial bottleneck often proves to be a major challenge,the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Silk Road Fund have been established to complement organizations such as the World Bank and help narrow the funding gap.Furthermore,Belt and Road countries have enhanced the coordination of development strategies and people-to-people amity,because hardware connectivity alone,short of software connectivity,is inadequate to ensure the resilience of the BRI.
有人说，“一带一路”必定有什么战略意图。如果非要这么说的话，那么从其追求“五通”看，意图就是推动构建人类命运共同体。“一带一路”开放、包容、透明。我们决不靠“一带一路”搞地缘政治的一套，从不拉“小圈子”，也不排斥谁或强拉谁。
Critics say that the BRI must have an underlying strategic aim or agenda.If so,then building a community with a shared future for mankind is the agenda,as first and foremost,the BRI aims to promote connectivity.The BRI is open,inclusive and transparent.It is not a geopolitical tool,nor is it designed to form an exclusive clique or impose any terms on others.
我们也听到一些人渲染“债务陷阱”，这是无稽之谈。很多参与并受益于“一带一路”倡议的沿线国家已经站出来用事实和数据公开辟谣。菲律宾财政部长多明格斯公开表示，截至去年底中方债务仅占菲总债务的0.65%。斯里兰卡驻华大使科迪图瓦库也批驳了所谓中国“债务陷阱外交”的说法。“一带一路”合作框架下的项目选择及投融资合作，都是各方共同商量并进行风险评估和投资可行性分析后，慎重做出的决策。事实上到目前为止，没有一个国家因为参与共建“一带一路”而陷入债务危机，相反，很多国家通过参与“一带一路”合作走出了“欠发达的陷阱”“不发展的陷阱”，比如肯尼亚。肯铁路局代理局长说，肯经济和民众都从中国帮助该国扩建升级交通基础设施中受益。
Some people have errantly characterized the BRI as a potential debt trap.But countries who have participated in and benefited from the BRI have debunked such assertions.Finance Secretary of the Philippines Carlos Dominguez publicly stated that debts owed to China accounts for only 0.65% of the country's total debt.And Dr.Karunasena Kodituwakku,Sri Lanka's ambassador to Beijing,dismissed the idea of “debt-trap diplomacy.” Decisions made through the BRI framework,from project selection to investment and financing cooperation,are all based on full consultation between all parties involved,and backed by arduous risk assessment and investment feasibility studies.As a matter of fact,no country has become trapped in a debt crisis since its participation in the BRI.Quite the contrary,it is through participating in BRI cooperation that many countries have emerged from the trap of underdevelopment or no development.Consider the example of Kenya:Philip Mainga,acting managing director of Kenya Railways Corporation,said that the Kenyan economy and citizens have benefited from China's contribution to the expansion and upgrading of transport infrastructure in the country.
我们在“一带一路”建设中还坚持“己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。”的中国传统哲思。例如，我们推动自身经济由高速度增长向高质量发展转变，在“一带一路”建设中也同样追求高质量，有关项目符合国际法和国际关系基本准则，符合国际通行商业惯例和运作模式。
Traditional Chinese wisdom states that “A man of virtue will seek to establish others while establishing himself.” In this sense,as we are currently moving China's economy from a phase of rapid growth to a stage of high-quality development,we also pursue quality development in BRI cooperation.The projects are designed to conform to international laws and norms governing international relations and meet international business practices and operating models.
那么美国在这一互利共赢的合作中去哪儿了呢？对美国公司而言，“一带一路”处处有机遇。霍尼韦尔公司致力于为“一带一路”沿线的油气开发提供支持，通用电气公司已同“一带一路”合作伙伴就电力和能源供应签署数项协议，卡特彼勒公司在“一带一路”框架内推动解决巴基斯坦电力短缺问题，花旗银行积极为“一带一路”沿线各国的项目提供融资。我们欢迎更多美国公司参与其中。
So where is the US amid all of this winning? There are countless opportunities to US corporations available through BRI projects.Honeywell International is already working with partners to further oil and gas development along the Belt and Road.General Electric has signed a number of deals with partners of the BRI which will help to provide reliable power and energy to critical regions across the world.Caterpillar is working with China's initiative to help solve Pakistan's severe power shortages.Meanwhile,Citibank is actively providing financing for projects through the markets along the Belt and Road.We certainly welcome more taking part.
过几天，中方将主办第二届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛，各方将齐聚北京为“一带一路”倡议走远走实建言献策。展望未来，“一带一路”倡议必将在前进中不断完善，在务实合作中实现高质量发展。我们也将加强三方合作，推动“一带一路”建设的双赢、多赢、共赢。
In a few days,the second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation (BRF) will be held in China,gathering representatives from around the world to draw up a blueprint for future cooperation.Looking forward,we will continue to progress towards high-quality development through global pragmatic cooperation.We will enhance trilateral cooperation and encourage cooperation among all participating countries in third markets,achieving win-win results for all.
我给美方朋友的建议是，蹈而不可失者，机也。
My suggestion is that the US embrace this opportunity.
【注释】
[1]转自《英语世界》杂志网站，http：//yingyushijie.com/exam/detail/id/5188/category/60.html。
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