21世纪出现的知识经济,特别是近年提出的工业革命4.0,引发了新一轮产业革命,对现有的技术手段、管理模式、组织结构以及信息交流方式产生了巨大的影响。制造业与服务业走向融合,行业间的边界逐渐模糊。创新在内容、形式以及对企业发展产生的作用方面,都出现了新的变化。
整合视角以创新能力与创新效用为主线,力图为研究创新能力与企业绩效的关联这一关键性问题提出可行的新思路与新方法。①在理论层面:阐述了创新能力通过企业组织平台发挥作用,产生创新效用的过程机理,在此基础上阐述了创新能力与企业绩效之间的过程机理;同时扩大研究范围与研究对象,将创新能力、企业绩效以及创新效用纳入研究范围,克服了以往技术导向以及服务导向在创新研究中仅对部分属性进行研究的局限性,为研究创新能力与企业绩效的“显性”与“隐性”特征这类悬而未决的问题提供了新的理论基础。②在实证研究设计方面:整合视角将创新能力与创新效用视为全过程,并以此为据在研究设计中把创新能力与企业绩效作为整体过程进行研究,通过确定各种变量以及变量之间的关系,阐述了解决有关创新能力、创新绩效以及企业绩效的测量方法与实施途径,构建了实证研究框架,同时也为今后研究创新能力与创新效用提供了必要的前期准备。此次研究在提出新观点新方法的同时,也存在一定的局限性及不足之处,以下结合未来研究展望加以说明。
第一,创新环境与创新能力等问题需要进行专门研究。创新是一个非独立事件,本质上是由各种因素相互影响、共同作用的复杂过程,因此研究创新能力离不开对企业环境因素及其影响的研究。由于篇幅所限,本章把探索创新能力与企业绩效之间的过程机理作为主要研究问题,没有把创新能力与创新环境作为主要问题纳入此次研究范畴,在研究的完整性方面有待提高与丰富,拟今后专门研究,并另文阐述。此次研究以创新能力与创新效用过程机理为主线,对创新能力与创新效用进行了必要的分析与探索,取得了前期研究基础。但由于上述同样原因,并没有对创新能力与创新效用展开专门研究,有待未来更加深入的讨论与系统化探索。
第二,理论框架与研究问题需要进一步的深入与验证。在前期研究基础上,本章通过整合视角对创新能力与企业绩效进行了探索性研究,力图澄清创新能力的本质,梳理两者之间的复杂机理,为实证研究构建可行的理论框架。本章在上述分析与论述过程中提出的多个研究问题,需要今后更多的理论探索加以解决;提出的各类假设,需要将来更多的实证研究加以验证,以进一步完善所提出的理论框架。
第三,研究变量在实证研究中存在进一步筛选与调整的可能性。本章力图为研究制造业领域与服务业领域两类企业的创新指出方向、明确主要研究问题、提供指导性总体框架,提出了主要变量、对其主要属性进行了阐述、明确了变量之间的关系以及测量方法。由于企业绩效随着行业的不同而有不同,不同行业的企业制定的发展目标有所差异,加之企业规模不同,为创新而采用的措施也各有不同。因此在实证研究中,有关创新能力与企业绩效的变量并非一成不变,而是要根据实际情况,在框架范围内进行必要的筛选与调整。
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(34) 创新绩效与创新结果既有类似也有差异。在本书中创新结果是指创新潜力与创新活动产生的结果;创新绩效是指经过企业组织结构固化具有相对稳定性的创新结果,一般体现在企业目标之中并经常成为研究的主要对象。
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