Shipment
When the cargo is ready, and after receiving the acceptable letter of credit, the exporter’s task is to make shipment, that is, to arrange the transportation to deliver the cargo to the importer.Besides contacting the carrier themselves, the exporters often ask their freight forwarders to take care of the shipping and many other related working tasks.
A freight forwarder is the party that facilitates the movement of cargo to the overseas destination on behalf of shippers and processes the documentation or performs activities related to those shipments. The freight forwarder advises the exporter on the most economical choice of transportation and the best way to pack and ship the cargo to minimize prevent damage, and books for air, ocean, land or multimodal transportation and arranges for pickup, transportation,and delivery of the goods. The forwarder also ensures that the goods are properly packed and labeled and documentation requirements are met so the cargo will be smoothly cleared at the port of destination.
When a letter of credit is used, the forwarder ensures that it is strictly complied with to enable the exporter to receive payment duly. Thus, the advantage of a forwarder goes far beyond moving freight. Forwarders help shippers and consignees by tracking and tracing cargo. They can also negotiate better rates with carriers because they can purchase space on airlines or ships at wholesale prices. The wide array of services they provide also helps shippers to save time and money.
货物备好且收到内容无误的信用证之后,出口商即可开始货物的装运出口工作,也就是联系承运人安排货物的运输事宜。目前很多出口商会将此工作交由国际货代企业完成。国际货运代理是根据客户的指示,并为客户的利益而揽取运输的人,其本身并不是承运人。国际货运代理从事与运送合同有关的活动,如储货、报关、验收、收款等等,因为国际货代是该领域的行家,因此可以高效地完成相关工作,带来时间和费用的节省。
目前,在进出口商品运输中,海运比重最大。因此本书以海运中的班轮运输为例来介绍出口货物的托运、报关和保险的过程。在国际贸易出口业务的流程中,可将租船订舱、报验、报关、投保与最后的出运统称为出口托运环节。出口托运流程图如下:
在以信用证为支付方式的交易中,出口商收到进口商开出的信用证,并确认信用证的所有内容可以接受之后,才可办理托运手续;在以托收方式支付的交易中,出口商在收到进口商会签的合同或销售确认书并备好货后,即可办理托运手续。出口单位委托外运公司或其他有权受理对外货运业务的单位向承运单位或其代理办理海、陆、空等出口运输业务叫托运。在履行需要由出口商安排运输事宜的出口合同时,出口商可参考下列程序办理货物运输与托运手续。
1.按信用证及合同的有关条款填写“托运单”,送交外运部门作为订舱依据,并随附下列单据:
(1)出仓单 (即出口单位的提货单,可凭以向出口单位指定的储存仓库或生产厂家提取货物)。
(3)出口货物报关单,如属法定检验商品,须由商检部门加盖商品检验合格章,以备海关验放。(www.xing528.com)
(4)出口收汇核销单。出口收汇核销是国家职能部门为促进出口企业安全收汇、及时收汇而建立的管理制度。除经批准外,一切出口贸易均应办理出口收汇核销手续。核销单由出口单位向外管部门申领。
(5)如属国家出口管理商品,需提交出口许可证。
(6)来料加工、进料加工出口商品需提交海关的核销手册。
(7)出口到配额地区和国家的货物,需提供配额许可证的海关联,供海关核查放行。
2.出口商在办好报关手续并获海关放行后,将出口货物运到指定的出口口岸码头,交港口方理货,准备装船。如按合同规定须由出口方办理投保手续,此时出口方应着手办理保险。
3.为了防止因船舱污秽或有异味而使货物遭受污染或串味,在托运人认为有必要时,可以向商检部门申请在装船前验舱。出口货物装船时,出口商派人到场,发现问题及时解决。
4.货物装船完毕,船长或大副签发“收货单(大副收据)”给托运人,托运人凭此单据向外轮代理公司交付运费,换取正式提单。
5.船舶开航后,出口商向进口商发出装船通知( Shipping Advice ),以便进口商办理接货及进口报关手续等。装船通知见式样7-4-1与7-4-2。
海运出口环节多,涉及多方面的当事人,其中主要当事人包括:托运人、承运人、港务局装卸区、货运代理公司、理货公司、商检、海关、收货人、开证行、通知行和议付行等,因而相应的工作亦较复杂。出口报验环节前文已介绍,本章分别详细介绍其他几个环节。
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