不同类型银行BII排名大揭秘

2016年，全球银行BII分值前十名均为发达国家银行与系统重要性银行，且基本来自欧洲地区；发展中国家BII前十名中印度、南非各有3家，中国、俄罗斯各有2家（见表1）。全球BII前20名银行均为发达国家银行，其中，法国有3家，英国、美国、日本、加拿大、新加坡各有2家。发展中国家在前50%的排名（即前25名）中仅有中国银行1家占据第21位，南非标准银行、巴罗达银行、俄外贸银行、中国工商银行则进入了排名前30位，除中国银行与南非标准银行外，其余发展中国家银行2016年BII分值均在20以下（见表2）。

表1　不同类型银行2016年BII情况

续表

注：花旗集团、加拿大丰业银行、俄外贸银行、俄储蓄银行2016年数据有缺失，但前几年数据较全，本表对其BII值进行了合理预测。

表2　全球银行2016年BII情况

续表

续表

注： 花旗集团、摩根士丹利、纽约梅隆银行、加拿大丰业银行、俄外贸银行、俄储蓄银行2016年数据有缺失，但前几年数据较全，本表对其BII值进行了合理预测。

East or West,Home is Best?—— Are Banks Becoming More Global or Local?

Academy of Internet Finance(AIF),Zhejiang University in partnership with

International Monetary Institute(IMI),Renmin University of China

The past year witnessed the sluggish recovery of world economy and increasing political risks across the globe,during which China has maintained an albeit moderate,evidently stabilizing economic growth.Admirable progress has been made in both the revolution of supply-side policies and the“Belt and Road”initiatives along with strengthening cooperation amongst BRICS economies.Celebrating the trend,the third issue of its kind East or West,Home is Best?—— Are Banks Becoming More Global or Local? is released.

The 2017 issue features the construction of a more compact Bank Internationalization Index(BII)as opposed to its preceding issues.Specifically,stock of overseas assets,performance of overseas operations and global layout,all of which are the main indicators of banks’degree of internationalization,are selected for computing the primary BII.Indicators of less importance are integrated for computing a secondary index and further analysis.

While the preceding issues mainly focused on Global Systematically Important Banks(G-SIBs),the current issue also investigates Global Non Systematically Important Banks(G-NSIBs).With a global perspective and benchmarking global leaders,the report provides a comprehensive study of the internationalization of Chinese banks.It also contributes to the extant literature by analyzing the internationalization of banks at a global scale,exploring the causes and significance of bank internationalization,and eventually,offering constructive recommendations for banks’internationalization strategies.

The 2017 report has drawn on data of 49 international banks,ranging from multinational banks with large scale of assets to medium or small-sized shareholding commercial banks at their initial attempts of overseas expansion.This corresponds to a wide continental coverage encompassing Europe,America,Asia as well as Africa.With such diversity,our dataset serves as a sound representative of global banks,hence the dynamics of BII is a good reflection of the bank internationalization development over the last decade.

Major Findings and Conclusions

·A snapshot of the BII dynamics

➢The BII has been fluctuating within a 23~26 band over the last decade,trending downwards with the contagious dissemination and aftermath of the financial crisis around 2009 but started picking up since 2013,followed by a slowdown since 2015(See Figure 1).

Figure.1..Average.BII.of.49.Banks

➢In general,the high volatility and stunted growth of BII throughout the period might be attributed to the strategic contraction of globalization and the susceptibility of overseas operations in the event of adverse global shocks such as the global economic recessions over the recent years.

➢Banks from developed economies have maintained a stable and high level of internationalization.While developing economies have been catching up with remarkable achievements,the gap between the two is expected to remain large within the short horizon.

·Comparison between developed and developing economies(www.xing528.com)

➢The gap between developed and developing economies is evident,with the former almost quadrupling the latter on average,yet the gap has been narrowing year by year(See Figure 2).

Figure.2..BII.Comparison.between.Developed.Economies.and.Developing.Economies

➢Amid the developed economies examined,European banks have performed the best while the disparity is less obvious among the developing economies with BRICS economies receiving a mean score of 10.38(See Figure 3).

➢On the whole,the top 10 banks of 2016 BII ranking are either G-SIBs or those from developed economies,heavily dominated by European banks.Within developing economies,the top 10 banks are split among India and South Africa,both with 3 banks,as well as China and Russia,both with 2 banks(See Figure 4).

Figure.3..BII.of.Banks.in.Different.Countries

Notes:The blue bars in the figure stand for the average BII of banks from developed economies in 2016,while the red bars stand for the average BII of banks from developing economies in 2016.The figure following the names of economies/districts/organizations in the vertical coordinates stands for the number of banks investigated in the BII system.China(4)stands for the 4 major state-owned commercial banks in China,and China(10)stands for all the Chinese banks investigated in the BII system.

Figure.4..BII.of.G-SIBs.and.G-NSIBs

Notes:The blue bars in the figure stand for the average BII of the G-SIBs,while the red bars stand for the average BII of G-NSIBs.The figure following the names of economies/districts/organizations in the vertical coordinates stands for the number of banks investigated in the scoring system.China(4)stands for the 4 major state-owned commercial banks in China,and China(6)stands for the average BII of the 6 G-NSIBs in China.

·G-SIBs leading the way in the global internationalization development scenery

➢In terms of global leadership,the G-SIBs are proven to be dominating the internationalization development scenery,remaining on top of the BII ranking consistently,and scoring almost 2.5 times that of G-NSIBs(See Figure 5).

Figure.5..BII.Comparison.between.G-SIBs.and.G-NSIBs

➢Within the G-SIBs,Banco Santander in Spain has performed extraordinarily.G-SIBs from Germany,Switzerland,Sweden and Netherlands have all outperformed those from the U.K.and the U.S.When it comes to G-NSIBs,banks from Canada and Singapore stood out(See Table 1).

Table..1..BII..Rankings..in..2016

Continued

Notes:Some data of Citigroup,Morgan Stanley,Bank of New York Mellon,Scitiabank and Vneshtorbank in 2016 is missing.The chart made reasonable predictions for their BII scores.

➢Nearly all the G-SIBs are from developed economies,with Chinese banks as the only exception.They have proven to be more influential and better recognized globally than their peers from developing economies,although their mean score of BII only halves that of the 6 American banks ranking right in front of them(See Table 2).

.Table..2..BI..Rankings..of..all..49..Banks..in..2016

Continued

Continued

Notes:Some data of Citigroup,Morgan Stanley,Bank of New York Mellon,Scitiabank,Vneshtorbank and Sberbank in 2016 is missing.The chart made reasonable predictions for their BII scores.