2.1 Connotation(转义)
2.1.1 何谓Connotation?
现代英语词汇学认为,词汇意义,大而言之,可分两类:本义(Denotation)和转义(Connotation)。《美国传统词典》对Denotation释义如下:the most specific or direct meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or associated meanings(一个词最特定的或最直接的意义,与它的比喻义或联想义相对)。此释义中的in contrast to传递了一个重要信息:Connotation又可进一步细分为Figurative Meanings(比喻义)和Associated Meanings(联想义)。
妙哉,比喻义和联想义!前者必含形象,后者则未必含形象。比如:
He nosed the car into the flow of traffic.
他将车徐徐驶进车流。
句中的nosed用其转义,确切言之,用的是其比喻义。比喻义,则存在喻体和本体,其喻体是nose(鼻子),而本体则是“驾车动作及方向”。
联想义则未必存在形象,但是,联想义的使用照样有其表达之魅力。比如:
There will be no ifs, ands, or buts in this matter.
这件事不允许有假设、拖延或反对。
此句中的if, and, but三个单词,本无形象,无喻体可言,使用了其联想义,其表达之简洁新颖,不言而喻。
比喻义与联想义,统称为转义(Connotation)。当然,两者相比,前者的数量绝对压倒后者。
说到比喻义,英国的翻译理论家Peter Newmark曾经如此强调Metaphor(隐喻;暗喻)之无处不在:
All polysemous words (a "heavy" heart) and most English phrasal verbs ("put off" dissuader, trouble, etc.) are potentially metaphorical. Metaphors may be "single"—viz. one-word—or "extended" (a collocation, an idiom, a sentence, a proverb, an allegory, a complete imaginative text).
同时,Peter Newmark还对metaphor作了极为宽泛的界定。他说:
By metaphor, I mean any figurative expression: the transferred sense of a physical work; the personification of an abstraction; the application of a word or collocation to what it does not literally denote, i. e., to describe one thing in terms of another.
由此可见,英语确实是一个metaphor“横行”,隐喻“泛滥”的语言。
世界有动物万千,动物的名称名词,在汉语里,它是“死”的,因为它不能用作动词。比如,你不能讲,“他狐狸了我”(尽管其意自明)。反之,英语就行。比如:Don't fox me(别欺骗我)。英语的fox能用作动词,其含义可以是:to trick or fool by ingenuity or cunning / outwit(使……上当;以诡计或奸诈迷惑或愚弄;以智取胜)。以汉语为母语者,不得不暗羡英语名词的这种能耐!如:
Whenever I go, my little brother dogs my footsteps.
无论我上哪儿,我的小弟弟总与我形影不离。
Don't monkey with my television.
别乱动我的电视机。
Since the train was snaking along at a brisk clip, the diner swayed from side to side.
列车开始弯弯曲曲地急速前行,餐车便开始左右摇晃起来。
The starving man wolfed down the food.
饿汉狼吞虎咽地吃完了食物。
He fished out a coin for the boy.
他摸出了一块硬币给这男孩。
Jack craned to see the coins in the well.
杰克伸长了脖子看水井中的硬币。
Do not ape your betters.
不要效颦。
The hotels were all full so we had to pig it in an old hut for the night.
旅馆都客满了,我们只得在旧棚子里对付它一夜。
All the boys ran to put out the fire, but Mike chickened out.
男孩都跑去救火,迈克却退缩了。
On the whole, the students seemed serious and hard-working, but they confined themselves to parroting textbooks.
总的来说,学生看来是认真而又用功的,但是他们只是死背教科书。
The soldier wormed his way toward the enemy's lines.
士兵慢慢向敌人的防线爬去。
dog, monkey, snake, wolf, fish, crane, ape, pig, chicken, parrot, worn等等,这些动物名称名词,摇身一变,即成动词,或“借用”该动物的形象特点,或“借用”该动物的性格特点。各种转义,琳琅登场,言简意赅,而又形象跃出。
2.1.2 汉语的比喻义及英语的转义
予观夫巴陵胜状,在洞庭一湖。衔远山,吞长江,浩浩汤汤,横无际涯;朝晖夕阴,气象万千。此则岳阳楼之大观也。
其中的“衔”、“吞”,形象而有气势,新意撩人。“衔”、“吞”二字有此表达效果,皆因用其比喻义也。查《现代汉语词典》,词典收入了“衔”的本义:用嘴含。并就此提供例句:燕子衔泥;他衔着一个大烟斗。该词典为“衔”提供的最后一个例证是:日已衔山。词典注释:例句中的“衔”,用的是比喻义。
每每注视厚厚的英语词典(英英词典/英汉词典),或是相对薄薄的汉语词典,很多人也许都曾经有过沉思:难道英语的词汇比汉语的词汇要多许多吗?非也。《新英汉词典》(世纪版)收入词条八万余,而《现代汉语词典》收入词条五万余,但是,前者的总字数却是后者的三倍以上。细细对照,发现英语词典之所以厚,厚在列出单词的本义之后,即续列其转义,几个、十几个甚至几十个转义。转义的释义、转义的例句,洋洋洒洒,蔚为壮观。
《英汉大词典》在tiptoe的词条下有如此绚丽的演绎:
Ⅰ. n. 脚趾;脚尖
Ⅱ. vi. 踮起脚走;蹑脚地走:"Good night," he whispered and tiptoed out. (“晚安”,他低声说着便悄悄地走了出去。)
Ⅲ. a. ①踮起脚走(或站)的②悄悄的;偷偷摸摸的:a man of tiptoe caution(做事战战兢兢的男子)③兴奋的;得意洋洋的④急切的;期待的;紧张的⑤脚步轻快的
Ⅳ. ad. 踮着脚:stand tiptoe(踮脚站着)
on tiptoe
①踮着脚:They stood on tiptoe to get a better look at the parade.
(他们踮起脚以便把游行场面看得更清楚些。)
②急切地;期待地;紧张地:The children were on tiptoe for vacation to begin. (孩子们急切地盼望假期开始。)
③悄悄地;偷偷摸摸地:follow somebody on tiptoe(悄悄地尾随某人)
对词汇的转义的“开发”,英语真可谓“竭泽而渔”(drain the pond to get all the fish / leave no stone unturned),一个寻常而又寻常的名词tiptoe(脚趾,脚指头)居然被“开发”到如此地步!
反观汉语,数千年来,遣词,必循规蹈矩;造句,惟恐越雷池一步。“脚趾”,除了其本义“脚趾”之外,还能派什么用场?自幼学会了“脚趾”二字,我们一生,使用过几次呢?《现代汉语词典》对“脚趾”二字的释义是:脚前端的分支。六字释义,说了,也等于没说。汉语方块字的比喻义和英语单词相比,不仅寒碜,而且是文字资源的浪费。
汉字的这种遗憾,其产生绝非“一日之寒”。两千多年来,汉语语言文字的使用一直受制于封建专制政体以及以儒家学说为核心的文化的影响,谨小慎微,如履薄冰。
这种遗憾的另一“硬伤”是:词汇词性相对比较“死”,缺少变通。英语词汇,翻手为云,覆手为雨,词性灵活。虽然,汉语也有词性转换(如“春风又绿江南岸”中的“绿”字),相对英语而言,这仅为个案而已。名词用作名词,动词用作动词,岂能随意转换?若将“脚趾”硬性用作动词,那非闹出语言笑话不可!
2.1.3 英语的一道风景,汉语为母语者的一道坎儿
有汉语作参照物(reference),这个问题便不难回答。英语,就词汇而言,你美在Connotation(转义)!
观英语之转义,如此便捷,如此精彩!叹汉语之比喻义,如此稀少,如此“不能”!你看,甚至在相应的汉译中,原句的种种形象也根本无法保留。在慨叹汉语“不能”的同时,我们还隐生遗憾:面对五光十色的英语转义,以汉语为母语者常常陷入难言之混沌。
在一篇描写美国西部一名成功兽医的文章中有这样一句:
To cure his patients, he relied on a palette of remedies that included modern science, folk medicine and plain common sense.
面对句中的精彩转义词palette,译者思路关闭,理解受阻。译文如下:
a.为了治疗染病的牲畜,他运用了调色板的办法,包括现代科技、民间药物和自己的直觉。
b.为了给病畜治疗,他依靠了颜料方法,其中有现代的科学、民间土药和草原常识。
什么叫“调色板的办法”?什么叫“颜料方法”?生吞活剥之译文!palette的本义是“调色板;颜料”,但是a palette of是什么意思?译者的思维就是不善作如下“发散”:
palette→调色板→五颜六色(色彩斑斓)→形形色色
a palette of remedies→a variety of remedies→各种各样的治疗法
又如:
Most of us, however, take life for granted. We know that one day we must die, but usually we picture that day as far in the future. When we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginable. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista. So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life. (Helen Keller: "Three Days to See")
美国著名盲人女作家Helen Keller在名篇《给我三天光明》中有以上一段。尽管在练习时给出了buoyant的本义“有浮力的”,但是,莘莘学子仍对When we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginable一句感觉迷茫,笔将落而趑趄,口将言而嗫嚅。
于是,有了众多令人啼笑皆非之译:
a.我们大多数人对生命的意义不甚清楚。当我们尽情享受着浮华的生活时,死不过是件不可想象的事情。
b.当我们处于基本艰苦的状况时,死亡是不可想象的。
c.当我们的艰苦还是生机澎湃时,死是难以想象的。
d.当我们处于“飘飘然”的健康状态时,死亡并非不可想象的。
e.当我们青春飞扬的时候,死亡是那么不可想象。
f.当我们的健康产生问题时,死亡就不再是不可想象的,而我们很少想到这一点。
g.当我们的健康只是一种表面现象时,死亡并非不可想象。
h.当我们的健康状况有起伏时,死亡也是无法想象的。
i.当我们受病魔缠身时,死亡就绝不是不可想象了。
一个形容词buoyant,难倒一批学子。何也?不善“发散”转义也!
buoyant→有浮力的→轻松的,轻快的,活泼的→in a buoyant mood(轻松的心情);buoyant steps(轻快的步伐);buoyant spirits(高涨的情绪);buoyant health(十分健康)
就以上三个箭头而言,对于译者,第一个箭头,即其“发散”之终点,再也无法继续“发散”下去。其实,再往前挪一步,即buoyant的转义;再挪一步,即buoyant的转义在不同词组中的精彩搭配。两步以外,就能欣赏到buoyant的别样风景,就能将上段译成:
然而,我们大多数人都把生命视作理所当然。我们知道迟早自己会离开这个世界,但是,人们通常把这一天想象得遥遥无期。我们身强体健的时候,死亡是不可思议的。死,我们很少想到。日复一日,光阴无限。我们为区区小事而奔忙,碌碌无为而不知自身对待生命的态度何等消极冷漠。
关于暗喻,钱钟书先生曾有高明议论:“逻辑认为异类不比,形象思维相反地认为‘凡喻必以非类’。”非类者,喻体与本体的不同之处。“不同处愈多愈大,则相同处愈有烘托;分得愈开,则合得愈出意外,比喻就愈新奇,效果愈高。”
钱钟书的这番高论是针对写作而言,我们不妨借来一用,用来解读英语转义词。所谓“凡喻必以非类”,乃一切比喻之本,我们不妨套用此言说“凡转义必以非类”,英语转义让译者犯难,难在其非类。喻体和本体不同处愈多愈大,译者便愈犯难。钱钟书先生认为的(喻体与本体)“分得愈开,则合得愈出意外,比喻就愈新奇,效果愈高”我们不妨再添加一句,那就是译者之理解就愈难。以上文曾经出现的几个转义词为例,我们可以根据其“非类”程度进行以下由小到大的排列:
fox me→a palette of→buoyant
以上三个转义词(fox / palette / buoyant)所蕴涵的喻体和本体之间比较如下:
(最小)fox→to trick or fool(狐狸→行骗)
(次之)palette→variety(调色板→形形色色)
(最大)buoyant→excellent(有浮力的→极富活力的)
三项异类之比,喻体与本体的不同之处,逐渐趋大,逐渐分开,逐渐意外,也就逐渐新奇,译者理解的难度也逐渐达到最大。最后一个buoyant,需要译者发散思维力度最大,误解误译者也就最多。
由此可见,与其说语言审美受到了母语习惯的制约,不如说受到了译者发散性思维能力、逻辑推演能力以及想象能力的制约。
2.1.4 词汇转义现象风行英语的原因
2.1.4.1 硬件:词性灵活转换(Conversion)及派生(Derivation)
以storm(暴风雨)为例,汉语的“暴风雨”是名词,也只能用作名词,英语的storm除了是名词之外,还可以用作动词。用作名词,storm已有转义。如:
But his last words brought on another storm.
可是,他最后的言辞再一次引起了激烈的反响。
用作名词,尚可组成名词词组、介词短语及成语等,而这些新组成的词组,皆含转义。如:
The book provoked a storm of controversy.
在本书挑起了一场热烈的争论。
Her singing took New York by storm.
她的歌唱在纽约引起了轰动。
We thought that they had decided not to get married but their quarrel was just a storm in a teacup.
我们想他们已经决定不结婚了,可是,他们的争吵不过是小题大做而已。
storm用作动词,既可用作及物动词,又可用作不及物动词,其转义色彩更加炫目!
Their only hope of victory was to storm the enemy camp at night.
他们获得胜利的唯一希望就是在夜间突袭敌军的营地。
The mob stormed through the streets.
暴徒们洗劫了街市。
He stormed at me for five minutes on end.
他对我咆哮了整整五分钟。
John stormed in the meeting waving a piece of paper about.
约翰在会议上咆哮不止,手里还挥动着一张报纸。
Two of the victims died Friday and the other Saturday herds of elephants stormed two farming villages near a forest.
两个受害者周五死去,在另一个周六,成群的大象冲进了两个坐落在森林附近的村庄。
storm添加后缀y,即构成形容词,由此又衍生出精彩的转义!如:
Today's meeting was rather stormy.
今日的会议颇不平静。
He was in a stormy mood.
他正在狂怒之中。
His parliamentary career was stormy.
他的议员生涯充满曲折。
He turned back and met her stormy eyes.
他转身恰好遇到她那双怒目。
2.1.4.2 软件:Synaesthesia(通感;联觉)的理论支持
“通感”,虽古已有之,但直至20世纪60年代,这一术语才由钱钟书先生从西方引进,后亦称“联觉”。英语是Synaesthesia(美语拼作Synesthesia)。
“通感”是人类共有的一种生理现象。从解剖学的角度来看,人类的触觉、味觉、嗅觉、听觉和视觉等五大感觉器官是相互通连的,而人类五官相通的生理结构必然表现为心理结构。现代心理学的研究也表明:人类的感觉系统是一个整体,各感受器官在大脑皮质调节下相互作用。通感这一生理过程必然表现为心理过程,这一心理过程又必然反映在人类语言中,成为一种普遍的语言现象。
西方修辞学通常把通感归入比喻(Metaphor),称之为“通感式比喻”(Synaesthetic Metaphor)。这个归纳很有道理。朱自清的名篇《荷塘月色》中的两句著名的通感例句就能说明这个道理。
塘中的月色并不均匀;但光与影有着和谐的旋律,如梵婀玲上奏着的名曲。
这是典型的通感句,视觉(“光与影”)和听觉(“奏着的名曲”)的错位,实际形成的是一个比喻,即将可见的光和影比作可闻的名曲。
微风过处,送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。
同样,嗅觉(“清香”)和听觉(“歌声”)在上句产生了错位,即所谓使用了通感,而这种所谓通感,不也就是一种比喻吗?——将鼻可闻的清香比作耳可闻之歌声而已。
吕叔湘先生认为:词的组合变化乃语言魅力所在。其实,不仅是语言的魅力,更是思想的魅力。一种创造性,一个新的认识往往由此而诞生。〔9〕
乌尔曼(Ullmann)曾经指出,一种十分普遍的比喻是基于由一种感官的感觉向另一感官的感觉挪移。没有感觉之间的挪移,比喻便不可思议。〔10〕
当我们把目光投向转义,特别是跟触觉、味觉、嗅觉、听觉和视觉相关联的转义词的时候,便能发现,转义其实也是以通感为其理论依据的。
《美国传统词典》对synaesthesia的释义之一是:A condition in which one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another. (联觉:一种刺激激发起另一种感觉的状态。)这个措辞比较宽泛的释义也可佐证:英语词汇的转义现象,主要也是以Synaesthesia为其理论支持的。
sour用作形容词时,其本义是“酸的;酸腐的”。如:The milk has turned sour. (这牛奶已经发酸了。)但是,这个味觉形容词却在英语中更多地被用其转义。而这种转义又可进一步细化为两类,一类是跟读者的五大感觉有牵连。如:
play a sour note 奏出刺耳的音调(味觉→听觉)
sour expression 烦躁的表情(味觉→视觉)
He gave me a sour look. /他向我投来酸溜溜的一瞥。(味觉→视觉)
然而,所谓转义,除了在五大感官之间转之外,更多的是由五大感官的感受转到别处,而并非局限于五大感官的感受之内。仍以sour一词为例:
take a sour view of things 对事物持阴郁的看法
a sour job 枯燥无味的工作
a sour temper 坏脾气
可见,所谓转到别处,这个别处,就是一种心态,一种心理感受。以上的“阴郁的”、“枯燥无味的”、“坏脾气”无不如此。
当sour用作动词时,情况相似。如:
sour on ballet→不再喜欢芭蕾舞
sour sb. on sth. 使某人对某事失望
假如我们从更高的角度来审视Synaesthesia,就会发现,五大感官的感受之所以能互通、能借用、能转移,完全受心理感受的支配,或者可以更准确地说,都归结到心理感受上去。心理感受既是桥梁,又是终点。转义现象所以风行于英语,其根本原因在于转义词汇比普通词汇能激起读者或听者更多更大的心理涟漪。试比较:
a. It is increasingly evident that relations between them have soured badly.
越来越明显,他们之间的关系严重地恶化了。
b. The job began to grow sour on him.
他开始对这工作感到乏味。
c. The market for these commodities shows signs of turning sour.
这些商品出现了滞销的迹象。(www.xing528.com)
假若将上列三句中的sour分别以普通词汇取代,整句失却原本鲜亮的活力,读者的心理反应趋弱。如:
a. It is increasingly evident that relations between them have deteriorated greatly.
b. The job began to grow uninteresting to him.
c. The market for these commodities shows signs of turning bad.
硬件(词性易转换,单词易派生)与软件(Synaesthesia作为理论支持)齐备,转义,无孔不入地渗透英语词汇,转义,就成了英语的一道亮丽风景。
2.1.5 英语转义的审美价值
试读以下两句:
a. The old lady mothered him during his illness.
b. DNA testing fathered the baby on him.
两句中的动词谓语mother与father原系名词,现用作动词。句a中的mothered意即“母亲般地照料”;句b中的fathered的含义更趋丰富,全句的大意是:DNA检查证明他是婴儿的生父。以上两句因为使用了mother与father的转义,表达趋简,形象趋丰,句子趋美。
换一种说法,那表达将变得“老实规矩”,而风采顿失。如:
a. The old lady took good care of him like his mother when he was ill.
b. After DNA testing, they decided that he was the father of the baby.
如上所述,Connotation本身就是一种修辞。上面我们已经提到,转义包括比喻义和联想义。所谓比喻义,即暗示了其修辞功能。然而,转义修辞功能除比喻功能外,它还具有拟人、夸张等等修辞功能。如下列句中的黑体字:
The girls are blooming with health and beauty.
这些少女健康貌美,如盛开之鲜花。
A soft wind kissed the treetop.
轻风掠过树梢。
The price of food is soaring.
食品价格飞涨。
然而,英语的转义词之美,并不局限于其修辞,特别在汉译英的实践中,它还有种种译者意想不到的美。
2.1.5.1 便捷美
初登译途,译者词汇量有限,若能善用词汇转义,许多寻常英语词汇便可以一当十,一解“燃眉之急”。如:
他的爸爸正在为锯子锉齿。
“为锯子锉齿”如何译是好?让译者蹙眉!且慢着急。一旦你能联想到tooth,并用其转义,译途即通:
His father was toothing a saw.
他的讲话离题了。
你或许会将上句译成:
He digressed / strayed from the point / subject.
假若你一时想不起digress / stray两个单词,也不必犯难,也许你已经学到了branch(枝,分枝)一词,何不使用branch的转义来“救急”?如译:
His talk branched off from the subject.
她的额头上缀满了晶莹的汗珠。
原句系书面表达,文采不俗。“缀”和“晶莹”二字或许让你一时紧张。不必紧张,你若是会使用pearl(珍珠)一词的转义,译笔就活了。如:
Sweat pearled her forehead.
挖泥船(dredge)将淤泥从湖底挖起。
当你为上句里的“挖”字是否能够用dig而踌躇时,不妨“拿来”一个俗词spoon(匙,调羹,勺子)使用。如:
The dredge spooned up mud from the bottom of the lake.
2.1.5.2 丰腴美
Denotation和Connotation的根本区别也许在于:后者能激发读者强烈的心理反应,唤起读者的驰骋想象。换言之,表达即可获得更多的“言外之力”,而这种言外之力是使用前者所难以获得的。因此,当一个词的运用能获得“字外力量”时,其表达的简洁性也就不言而喻了。一般言之,使用一个转义词时,其含义“容量”即相当于“本义词+附加成分”,这个“附加成分”往往相当于“词汇的本义+修饰意味的副词(或副词性词组)”或者“词汇的本义+形容词(或形容词性词组)”。比如:
Gold shares jumped at the Stock Exchange yesterday.
金矿股票昨天在证券交易所飙升。(句中的jumped = rose rapidly)
The nickname stuck to him.
这个绰号跟随他多年。[句中的stuck (to) = was used (to him) for a very long period of time]
John bent before the storm of his father's anger.
在父亲的震怒之下约翰终于屈服。[句中的storm = the furious anger (of his father)]
You cannot offer me a loose translation like that.
你不该向我提供那么不精确的译文。(句中的loose = too free, too liberal)
当然,不少用作成语的转义词的“容量”更大。如:
This is her tender spot.
= This is something she doesn't want others to mention.
这对她来说是内心的一个痛处。
如果句中的spot相当于something的话,那么tender一词的“弦外之音”即which she doesn't want others to mention。
Jack is a fair-weather friend.
= Jack is a friend, helpful, dependable only in agreeable, easy circumstances.
Jack是一个只能共享欢乐,而不能同舟共济之人。
句中的fair-weather含义极丰,其言外之义就不宜直言——“只能共享欢乐,而不能同舟共济共患难”。
2.1.5.3 形象美
英语转义词首先青睐的是富有形象感的词汇。walk(行走)作为一个“属概念”词,其“种概念”词有:wander(闲逛),shuffle(拖着脚走),trot(小步跑),creep(爬行),dash(猛冲),dawdle(游荡),rush(急奔),straggle(流离落伍),stroll(踱步),strut(昂首阔步),trudge(跋涉)等等。所有的这些含义精微的“种概念”词均可用于转义,演绎出五花八门的表达,这真让以汉语为母语者叹为观止。种种形象又反衬出运用“本义词+附加成分”的本义词的平淡与呆板。试比较:
她的谈话缺乏中心。
a. She wandered in her talk.
b. She was not well centered in her talk.
别吞吞吐吐的了,请给我一个明确的答复。
a. Don't shuffle; give me a definite answer.
b. Don't speak evasively; give me a definite answer.
他能脱口说出一些新的借口。
a. He is always able to trot out some new excuse.
b. He is always able to produce some new excuse quickly.
你怎么能够如此马虎地做完家庭作业呢?
a. How could you walk through your homework like that?
b. How could you finish your homework so hurriedly and roughly?
一般情况下,他能写出相当好的英语,但是偶然会使用些非地道的表达。
a. As a rule he writes English very well, but occasionally unidiomatic expressions creep in.
b. As a rule he writes English very well, but occasionally unidiomatic expressions are used here and there before he realizes it.
我必须在离开之前把这几封信给赶出来。
a. I must dash off some letters before I leave.
b. I must finish writing some letters very quickly before I leave.
Patty虚度了四年的大学生活,所学甚少。
a. Patty dawdled away four years in college.
b. Patty wasted much time and achieved very little during the four-year college life.
他的眼睛扫了扫前排的座位。
a. His eyes ran down the front row.
b. He looked very quickly from right to left at the front row.
他一目十行地读完了这本书。
a. He just rushed through the book.
b. He read the book quickly and roughly.
孩子们难免走神。
a. Children cannot keep their minds from straggling.
b. Children cannot keep their minds concentrated for a long time.
Jack为了应付考试,不得不啃完这本乏味的书。
a. Jack had to trudge through the dull book for the exam.
b. Jack had to concentrate his attention forcefully to finish reading the dull book for the exam.
2.1.5.4 委婉美
转义词常含“弦外之音”(implication)。这不是直言,而是“曲言”,这不是“开门见山”,而是“旁敲侧击”。从语用学看,这是磨去语锋,令表达得体、礼貌。试读以下英译:
汤姆毫无音乐鉴赏力。
All music is alike to Tom. (形容词alike的含义相当于of no difference)
马琳的身世有不愿他人提及之处。(即难言之隐)
Marline has a history. (history的含义相当于something in the past which is unmentionable)
她父亲现在正失业。
Her father is now between jobs. (介词短语between jobs的含义相当于out of job)
他在文章中随意歪曲事实。
In his article he made free with the facts. (made free with的含义相当于distorted)
他不善辞令。
He does not shine in conversation. (does not shine的含义相当于is poor at)
2.1.6 活用Connotation——提升汉译英译文审美价值之必由之路
英语词汇的转义,美不胜收,一如春日漫山遍野的绚丽山花,而汉语词汇的转义,疏落有致,一如点缀于天幕的寂寥晨星。
这个区别不可小觑。存在决定意识。汉语对转义词的使用如此拘谨慎微,如此放不开手脚,因此,自然而然,国人在汉译英的实践过程中,就难以想到活用英语转义词,更谈不上有如鱼得水般的自如,有如鸟入林般的洒脱。但是,汉译英译文的审美价值在很大程度上系于转义词的运用。这也许并非夸张之辞:没有转义词的运用,译文就如不见鲜花的园林;没有转义词,译文就如没有游鱼之池塘。比如:
我从小就对自己没有信心,这是问题的根子。这种情绪使我受到一点点表扬都会难为情,使我怎么也说不出一个“不”字,也使我不敢向父母多要一分钱。此外,这种缺乏信心的情况也影响了我对钢琴的热爱。
对于这样一段文字,不用转义词的英译是:
I lacked confidence since childhood, which was the root of the problem. I would feel embarrassed while receiving the slightest praise. I found it hard to say "no". I even dared not to ask for one more cent from my parent. Besides, this lack of confidence also influenced my love for the piano.
译文老实,也很“信”。却处处能看到汉语的影子,不仅是句子结构,还有措辞,同时也不见英语转义词。英语的转义词是一种丰富“资源”。资源一旦流失,译文便色泽黯淡!
转义资源,一旦“开发”,其英译将是怎样一种情景呢?请读译文:
At the root of it is my diffidence by which I have been enslaved since childhood. It embarrasses me at the mildest flattery, crushes my utmost efforts to say "no", and prevents me from asking my parents for one cent more than necessary. Among other things, diffidence has wormed its way into my love of the piano.
且不说译文的句子由原来的五句变成了三句,且不说译文出现了倒装句及非人称主语句,单单几个转义词的成功运用,就让读者感到新意扑面。比如enslaved, crushes, wormed (its way into)等等。
enslave用作动词时,其本义是“使……成为奴隶;奴役”。这好像是一个很少被想到、被用到的英语单词,岂料“我从小就对自己没有信心”的英译竟然用上了enslave!不敢想象。打开词典,方才恍悟!enslave的这种转义用法并不罕见。以《英汉大词典》为例,就收入了以下例句:
His alcoholism has completely enslaved him.
嗜酒癖使他完全身不由己。
He was enslaved by too many bad habits.
他染上了许多恶习。
同理,动词crush的本义是“压碎,碾碎;压服;压垮;粉碎;(使)变形”等。也是一个我们绝少想到用其转义的单词。不料,上译竟然使用my utmost efforts to say "no"作为动词crush的宾语!
最后,成语worm its way into的转义也被用得恰到好处。始料不及的是,其主语竟然是抽象名词diffidence!
转义词,化平淡为神奇!另如:
急流冲下了山,像狮子在怒吼。建筑工地也失去了平静,工人们急忙起床,发现自己的脚踩在水里。一百多工人同时向南奔跑,但是,那里的洪水已经有两英尺深,浊浪翻滚,工人们只得在混乱中半途而返。东面和西面也没有退路,唯一的出路是北面的一条狭窄的木桥。
转义词的运用为译文添色:
Torrents of water rushed down the mountain, roaring like an angry lion. The construction site awoke. The workmen rolled off their beds only to step into water. More than 100 thronged southward simultaneously. But there, floodwater more than two feet deep was whirling a wild dance, so the workman had to draw back halfway in disorder. There was no way out eastward or westward either. The only savior then was a narrow wooden bridge in the north.
原文精彩,英译照样精彩。译文中出现的三个词(awoke, rolled, savior),用其本义时,本是寻常词。如:
awoke (vi. ): to rouse from sleep
rolled (vi. ): to move by turning on an axis or over and over
savior (n. ): a person who saves
可是,当它们以转义的新面目出现时,全句乃至全段译文顿时生色。若以非转义词来“覆盖”以上译文中的转义词,译文将顿趋苍白。试比较句a(含转义)与句b(不含转义):
a. The construction site awoke.
b. The construction site suddenly became active and noisy.
a. The workmen rolled off their bed.
b. The workmen got up very quickly.
a. The only savior then was a narrow wooden bridge in the north.
b. The only way to get out then was a narrow wooden bridge in the north.
转义词,在描写与叙事的文字中,凸现神效,在议论文字中照样立功。请读一段议论性文字:
从表面看,家庭平静,如同湖面,波澜不兴。然而,事实上,家庭的表面平静下面存在着急流。外人见不到这种急流,因为,中国人信仰“家丑不可外扬”。他们关起门来争吵或是打架。这个差距是非常自然的,要想绕着走是不可能的。唯一的道路就是面对它。有隔阂就一定会有弥合的办法,这个办法就是理解。
Superficially, the family looks as calm as the surface of a lake without any waves. In fact, however, there is some current under the calmness of the family. The current remains hidden from outsiders, because the Chinese believe that "domestic shame should not be made public". They quarrel and fight with the door shut. The gap is very natural. It is impossible to by-pass it. The only way is to face it. There is always a bridge over the gap, and that bridge is understanding.
其实,英语的很多常用表达本身就是用其转义。如在翻译上文的“差距”和“隔阂”的时候,一般都会使用gap一词。而gap的本义却是a hole or opening, as in a wall or fence, made by breaking or parting。以上译文所以有浓郁的英语味,转义词(如current, by-pass, bridge等等)的介入,是原因之一。同样,若将三句中的转义词易作本义词,读之将味同嚼蜡。试比较:
a. ...there is some current under the calmness of the family.
b. ...there are quarrels and fights in the family, though it appears to be peaceful.
a. It is impossible to by-pass it.
b. It is impossible to avoid it intentionally.
a. There is always a bridge over the gap.
b. There is always a way to solve the problems caused by the gap.
Hartwell在论述词语的字面意义及其比喻义之区别时,举有趣例:
A college professor tells of talking with a foreign student in her office when a colleague stopped in to ask about a problem. "It's taken care of," she replied. "I chewed him out, and it won't happen again." "You mean", gasped the student incredulously, "that you bit him?"
笑话源于chewed him out,言者用其转义(to rebuke severely; reprimand,即“责骂”),而闻者(the foreign student)却取其本义(to bite and grind or crush with the teeth,即“用牙齿咬并磨碎”)。这则故事告诉我们,不甚习惯、不善理解、更不善使用英语转义者并非就是以汉语为母语者。可以毫不夸张地说,英语精彩表达,十之八九离不开转义。转义,似魔杖,点石成金,化平淡为神奇;转义,如神祗,呼风唤雨,为人间添绿色。思想不俗的表达,因转义而越加生辉;内容不俗的表达,因转义而顿出文采。
在咀嚼中思考,译者理解能力随思维发散而提升。
She was fired and perhaps rightly so, for failing to teach fundamentals. Such things must be learned. But she left a passion in us for the pure knowable world and she inflamed me with a curiosity, which has never left. I could not do simple arithmetic but through her I sensed that abstract mathematics was very much like music. When she was relieved, a sadness came over us but the light did not go out. She left her signature on us, the literature of the teacher who writes on minds. I have had many teachers who told me soon-forgotten backs but only three who created in me a new thing, a new attitude and a new hunger. I suppose that to a large extent I am the unsigned manuscript of the high school teacher. What deathless power lies in the hands of such a person!
初读上段,句中的hunger, signature, unsigned manuscript等,给读者错位感,然而,稍经咀嚼,即能辨味。哦,用其转义也!但是就翻译而言,未必所有的英语转义都应该转换成毫无色彩可言的本义。咀嚼后的思考,又让译者产生新启迪。因此,翻译的过程若是对英语的转义现象多留一个心眼,那么,我们就能译出如下译文:
她因未能教授基础知识而被解雇了,理由也许是正当的,因为这些知识一定要学,但是她为我们注入了对纯粹的可知世界的热情;她点燃了我求知的热望,这种热情永生而不灭。我虽然不会做简单的算术题,但是她让我感到抽象的数学与音乐非常地相似。当她被解聘时,我们都很难过,但是她所点燃的那片光明并没有消失。我们的精神里有她的签名,我们成了老师的精神作品。许多老师所教的知识,陈腐过时,转眼即忘,而这三位老师在我的心里创造了新精神,新心态,新欲望。在很大程度上,我不正是那位老师未经签名的手稿吗,我想。这样一个人的手里握着永不灭的力量!
在审美中学习,译者翻译兴味随审美发现而发展。
There are seasons of the heart. There are seasons in our lives, just as there are seasons to all of nature. These seasons cannot be forced any more than one can force the coming of spring by pulling at tender blades of grass to make them grow. It took me a while to understand.
上段弥漫着痛定思痛的对人生的观察和判断。四个season的使用,给读者美感。上段文字,舍此还能用什么词汇呢?审美是一种快乐,能够在译文保留这种美,也是一种快乐。如译:
心有四季。生活也有四季,就如自然界万物都有春夏秋冬一样。四季无法人为地加以改变,就如一个人无法用拔苗助长的方法强令春天的到来。我经过了好一阵子才懂得了这一点。
But after six years of a stormy marriage, Cewe decided to end it.She didn't want her son to grow up thinking that kind of relationship was normal.
此句的stormy,值得玩味,又是一个难以用本义词汇取代的句子。可是又不能如上句那样直译(即译为“暴风雨般的”)。翻译之兴味就在推敲中油然而生:不能直译,是否还能保留stormy之形象呢?如译:
在疾风暴雨中走过了六载的婚姻生活的Cewe决定结束这种婚姻。她不愿让儿子在如此家境中长大成人,并认为这样的夫妻关系是正常的。
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